| HS Code | 452826 |
| Product Name | OLED Functional Dye Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade |
| Grade | Electronic/EL Grade |
| Material Type | OLED functional dye |
| Application | Organic light-emitting diode emissive layer fabrication |
| Physical Form | Powder or crystalline solid |
| Appearance | Colored solid; color depends on specific dye structure |
| Purity | ≥99.0% (HPLC) |
| Solubility | Soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran |
| Storage Condition | Store under dry, inert atmosphere at 2–8°C, protected from light |
| Shelf Life | Typically 12 months when stored as recommended |
| Thermal Stability | Stable up to approximately 250°C; decomposition temperature varies by dye |
| Photoluminescence Property | Exhibits strong photoluminescence in solution and thin film |
| Electroluminescence Property | Suitable for EL devices with high luminance efficiency |
| Hygroscopicity | Low if packaged and stored under inert conditions |
As an accredited OLED Functional Dye Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Sealed amber glass bottle under inert nitrogen, tamper-evident closure, labeled with grade and lot number. Quantity: 1 kg per bottle. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Securely loaded into a 20-foot container, with proper dunnage, ensuring safe transport of Samsung SDI OLED dye. |
| Shipping | Shipment requires inert, moisture-free packaging under controlled temperature to preserve high-purity OLED functional dye integrity. Handle as sensitive electronic chemical; avoid light exposure and contamination. Comply with relevant hazardous material regulations, use grounded, clean containers, and ensure traceability via certified logistics for Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade specifications. |
| Storage | Store in a sealed, original container under inert gas (nitrogen/argon) in a cool, dry, dark environment. Keep away from moisture, oxygen, UV light, heat sources, and incompatible materials. Maintain stable temperature, ideally 0–10°C, and avoid opening frequently to prevent contamination and degradation of this electronic/EL-grade purity. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 6–12 months when stored sealed in a cool, dry, dark environment. |
Inside an OLED front-end fab, Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade OLED functional dye is opened in an ISO 14644-1 Class 5 glovebox under active nitrogen recirculation with moisture and oxygen both maintained below 1 ppm. The dye is transferred directly from sealed glass ampoules into quartz or boron nitride crucibles without solvent reconstitution. Vacuum thermal evaporation proceeds at a base pressure below 1×10⁻⁵ Pa, with dynamic pressure held below 5×10⁻³ Pa during source heating. For a point-source co-deposition tool, the host material is evaporated at a baseline rate of 1.0 Å/s and the electronic/EL grade dye is evaporated at 0.02–0.05 Å/s, yielding an emission-layer doping ratio between 2 wt% and 5 wt%. Quartz crystal microbalance heads are positioned adjacent to the substrate plane, not only at the tool center, to track deposition rate drift across the glass. Film thickness is set at 20–40 nm and verified with spectroscopic ellipsometry after shadow mask removal. The shadow mask itself is thermally pre-soaked for 30 min to reduce positional error below 10 µm on Gen 6 half-cut substrates. Failed lots at this stage typically originate from particulate shedding from the mask edge, not from dye purity. After EML deposition, the stack moves without vacuum break into electron transport and cathode chambers, followed by thin-film encapsulation with alternating inorganic and organic layers. Water vapor transmission rate must remain below 10⁻⁶ g/m²/day through the package lifetime. The terminal application is the compact active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display used in high-resolution mobile phones and foldable panels.
In a separate-source VTE chamber, the mass emission rate from a Knudsen cell is governed by the vapor pressure of the loaded material at the source throat. A low-molecular-weight fraction tends to sublime earlier in the campaign, while higher-molecular-weight residue accumulates in the crucible. This produces a slow downward drift in deposition rate even when the source temperature remains unchanged. For a source fill of 5 g, production engineers often observe drift after 60–80 h at sublimation temperature. The severity depends on the sublimation enthalpy of the dye. A material with a sublimation enthalpy near 120 kJ mol⁻¹ can show a 12–18% rate shift from a temperature excursion of only 2 °C. Tight PID control on the source is therefore set to ±0.5 °C. When the host and dopant are co-evaporated from separate sources, the doping ratio is not naturally stable. It must be controlled by independent quartz crystal microbalance feedback loops, with the dopant QCM offset from the substrate plane to avoid host cross-talk. Production-scale tools use a dual-sensor head and software compensation to subtract host deposition from the dopant signal. Source throat clogging introduces a further drift mechanism. Condensation at the inactive lip of the crucible reduces the effective aperture over repeated runs. The observed result is a rising power demand for constant deposition rate, followed by sudden rate instability. Because published data for specific dye lot drift in this product class is limited, process engineers rely on fractional lifetime testing of each source fill before committing a full glass load.
A solution-processed OLED development line does not require a vacuum break when using the electronic/EL grade dye in a pre-filtered ink cartridge. The dye is dissolved in a two-solvent system consisting of a high-boiling aromatic or ester component and a low-boiling cosolvent to maintain a viscosity between 2 mPa·s and 20 mPa·s at 25 °C. Surface tension is adjusted to 28–35 mN/m for piezoelectric printhead wetting. The ink is passed through a 0.1 µm PTFE membrane filter immediately before filling the printhead reservoir. Drop volume is held at 10 pL or lower for banked pixel wells, with the substrate maintained at 25–30 °C during printing. Empty bank regions are pre-treated with UV-ozone to reduce contact angle below 10°. After printing, the wet film is dried under reduced pressure at 60–80 °C, then transferred to a vacuum bake at 110 °C for 30 min to remove residual high-boiling solvent. Final dry EML thickness is between 40 nm and 80 nm. The dominant defect in this route is not dye degradation but edge accumulation within the pixel bank. Formulators counter this by adding a marginal amount of a second solvent with lower surface tension. The resulting films are used in large-area display and lighting prototypes where full-area shadow mask evaporation would be cost-prohibitive.
QD-OLED backplane integration uses the electronic/EL grade dye inside the blue emission layer that optically pumps red and green quantum dot conversion films. The blue stack is tuned for a peak wavelength of 450–455 nm and a full width at half maximum below 20 nm. A narrow blue peak reduces bleed into the red quantum dot absorption tail. Host-dopant ratio in the blue EML is kept between 98:2 wt% and 95:5 wt%, and the layer thickness is constrained to 20–35 nm to maintain cavity balance without raising drive voltage. Top-emission cavity length is tuned by adjusting the hole injection layer thickness rather than the EML itself. Dye aggregation at the high end of the doping window produces a redshifted shoulder that degrades color gamut. At the low end, the emission site density becomes insufficient for target luminance. Process control includes lot-to-lot HPLC-UV purity above 99.9 area% at 254 nm. The final QD-OLED module is driven at 1000 cd/m² representative panel luminance, but published data for the exact lifetime acceleration of this dye in QD-OLED light engines is limited. Production screening therefore uses short-term color coordinate drift and voltage rise rather than extrapolated T95 alone. End products are large-format television panels with expanded BT.2020 coverage.
Flexible OLED lighting modules use the electronic/EL grade dye in one or two emission units of a tandem stack separated by a charge generation layer. A white OLED lighting panel commonly combines a blue fluorescent emitter with green and red phosphorescent or thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters in separate emission layers. The electronic/EL grade dye is loaded into the blue unit if a high-stability fluorescent blue is required, or into a red unit where saturated electroluminescence is critical. Deposition is performed on dimensionally stabilized glass or metal foil substrates, with total organic stack thickness between 200 nm and 500 nm. Luminance uniformity is tested at 3000 cd/m², and color rendering index values above 90 are achievable only when the emissive layer thickness variation is held below 3%. Panel-level defects from thermal strain in the flexible substrate are managed by bonding the foil to a temporary glass carrier during VTE. After thin-film encapsulation, the module is removed from the carrier and passed through conformity testing under IEC 62368-1 and UL 8750 for luminaire safety. End products are dimmable OLED luminaire panels for architectural and automotive interior lighting.
| Parameter | Test protocol / standard | Typical acceptance limit |
|---|---|---|
| Purity | HPLC-UV at 254 nm | ≥99.9 area% |
| Individual metal impurity | ICP-MS after acid digestion | <100 ppb per specified element |
| Mobile ion contamination | ICP-MS for Na, K, Li | <10 ppb |
| Bromine and chlorine content | IEC 62321-7-2:2017, IEC 62321-8:2017 | Br <50 ppm, Cl <50 ppm |
| Moisture | Karl Fischer coulometric oven method | <200 ppm |
| Residual solvent | Headspace GC/MS | <500 ppm total |
| Particle count after filtration | Liquid particle counter | ≤50 particles/mL at ≥0.5 µm |
| Outgassing at deposition temperature | In-situ residual gas analyzer | Pressure rise below 1×10⁻⁴ Pa within 30 min |
Microdisplay fabrication on silicon backplanes imposes a different set of boundaries on the electronic/EL grade dye. The substrate is a 200 mm or 300 mm CMOS wafer with pixel pitch between 4 µm and 5 µm. Vacuum thermal evaporation of the emissive layer is carried out with wafer-level shadow masks fabricated from invar or equivalent low-expansion alloy. A temperature shift of 1 °C across the mask can produce 1–2 µm edge misalignment in a 300 mm wafer, so mask pre-soaking and tool thermal stabilization are mandatory. Ionic contamination is more severe than on display glass because mobile ions such as sodium, potassium, and lithium can migrate into the CMOS dielectric stack and shift threshold voltage. The dye lot is therefore screened with ICP-MS for mobile ion content below 10 ppb before release. Deposition uniformity across the wafer is held to ±3% by rotating the substrate carrier through the source plume. Microdisplay OLED stacks are frequently white-emitting with a color filter array, but the electronic/EL grade dye can also be used in a direct-patterned red, green, or blue emitter on a silicon backplane where shadow mask complexity is manageable. End products are high-brightness microdisplays for augmented reality headsets, electronic viewfinders, and head-up display relay optics.
Automotive OLED tail lamp production requires the electronic/EL grade dye in red and amber emission layers deposited on flexible polyimide or thin-glass substrates. The rear lamp module is built as a segmented OLED panel with the emitter stack encapsulated before module assembly. Conformal thin-film encapsulation must maintain a water vapor transmission rate below 10⁻⁶ g/m²/day after thermal cycling. Validation follows ISO 16750-4 for road vehicle environmental loads, with operating temperature spans from -40 °C to 85 °C. The red emission layer is deposited at a host-dopant ratio near 95:5 wt% to maintain chromaticity within the regulated red boundary, while the amber layer uses a lower dopant loading to reduce forward voltage. Shadow mask alignment for automotive panels is less demanding than microdisplay work, but the larger substrate size increases the probability of thickness drift at the panel edge. Production tools use linear evaporation sources with lateral rate correction plates to keep edge-to-center uniformity within 5%. End products are rear combination lamps with segmented OLED light functions, where the electronic/EL grade dye provides the narrow-band emission required for automotive color coordinates without additional color filtering.
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The OLED Functional Dye Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade is a vacuum-sublimed organic emission material for layered organic light-emitting diode fabrication. The Electronic/EL Grade designation separates display-grade material from laboratory and industrial dye powders through reduced nonvolatile residue, total metal content typically ≤10 ppm, and inert-atmosphere packaging. Samsung SDI does not publish a single universal model code for this family; batch identification is assigned by emission colour class, functional role, and sublimation lot. Published model-specific data for this configuration is limited, and the values below reflect the purification class and typical lot-release envelope for OLED dopant and host materials.
Lot release for Electronic/EL Grade material follows a controlled sequence of preparative chromatography, vacuum sublimation, and final size classification in an ISO 14644-1:2015 Class 5 environment. The neutral dye molecule is the dominant species; free ligand residues, ionic salts, and solvent adducts are reduced to levels that avoid charge trapping in the deposited film. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm is used for purity determination, with photodiode array peak-purity confirmation. Trace element analysis uses inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion. Table 1 lists the typical release envelope.
| Parameter | Typical release value | Method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Crystalline powder, free of foreign matter | Visual under D65 |
| Chromatographic purity | ≥99.5% | HPLC-UV at 254 nm |
| Largest individual organic impurity | ≤0.5% | HPLC-UV area% |
| Total metals (Al, Ca, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn) | ≤10 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Alkali metals (Na, K) | ≤1 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Halogen content (Cl, Br) | ≤50 ppm | Ion chromatography |
| Residual solvent | ≤100 ppm | Headspace GC |
| Water content | ≤100 ppm | Karl Fischer titration, ASTM E203 |
| Particle size D90 | ≤200 µm | Laser diffraction, ISO 13320:2020 |
| Thermal decomposition onset | ≥300 °C at 10 K/min | TGA under nitrogen |
The Electronic/EL Grade is also screened against restricted substances under RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 SVHC requirements. Compliance statements are batch-specific and accompany the certificate of analysis. Because this is a product family rather than a single compound, molecular weight, extinction coefficient, and sublimation temperature vary by colour and host-dopant function. A typical red dopant may exhibit an absorption onset near 620–650 nm, while a green dopant emits near 510–530 nm. These optical properties are measured in dilute toluene solution with an integrating sphere for absolute photoluminescence quantum yield. Batches are not released solely on colour; photoluminescence quantum yield is reported as a process capability attribute.
In an OLED emission layer, the functional dye is co-deposited with a charge-transport host under high vacuum. The dye molecule acts as the emissive site; host singlet and triplet excitons transfer energy to the dye by Förster and Dexter mechanisms. For phosphorescent organometallic emitters, triplet energy alignment prevents back transfer from the dye to the host. Green-emitting phosphorescent dopants in this product class typically show triplet energies near 2.4 eV to 2.6 eV, while red emitters operate near 2.0 eV to 2.2 eV. Blue emitters require wider bandgaps, and the Electronic/EL Grade may be supplied as a host or dopant according to the singlet and triplet levels needed.
The molecular orbital positions must be compatible with adjacent transport layers. A red or green dopant may exhibit a HOMO between −5.2 eV and −5.8 eV and a LUMO between −2.8 eV and −3.2 eV, measured by cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy under identical film preparation conditions. Offset between dye and host frontier orbitals determines whether emission is dominated by energy transfer or direct charge trapping. Electronic/EL Grade purity preserves these electronic levels by limiting polar residues that alter local vacuum level and interface dipole.
In production-scale vacuum thermal evaporation tools, the Electronic/EL Grade is loaded into quartz, alumina, or boron nitride crucibles inside linear sources or point sources. Base pressure before deposition is commonly held below 5×10⁻⁵ Pa. Host deposition rate is typically maintained at 1 Å/s to 2 Å/s, while dopant rate is regulated at 0.05 Å/s to 0.3 Å/s using quartz crystal microbalance feedback. Substrate rotation and source baffle geometry control thickness uniformity across the emission layer. Sublimation enthalpy for this dye class is generally 120 kJ/mol to 180 kJ/mol, so a crucible temperature drift of ±1 °C produces a measurable rate shift on production tools. Process engineers pre-condition the powder at 2–5 °C/min thermal ramps and limit crucible fill mass to reduce spitting and shadow mask contamination. Particles below 20 µm in the as-loaded powder are associated with increased source spitting and mask defect density in high-throughput lines. Deposition thickness of the emissive layer is generally 20 nm to 40 nm, with the dopant rate set as a percentage of the host rate rather than as an independent absolute value. On a Gen 6 half-cut cluster tool, the dye source is typically a point source or linear source with a ceramic crucible opening of 10–20 mm. The emission layer is often deposited in the same vacuum cluster as hole transport and electron transport layers without breaking vacuum; this makes outgassing from the dye a direct risk to interface cleanliness.
The Electronic/EL Grade differs from reagent-grade dye powders in the removal of nonvolatile ionic residues, halogenated by-products, and free ligand. A reagent-grade dye may contain total metals above 100 ppm and residual solvents above 500 ppm, which create exciton quenchers and outgassing defects in OLED devices. Industrial textile or laser dye grades are usually optimized for molar absorptivity or photostability, not for sublimation behaviour under high vacuum. Table 2 presents the operational distinctions.
| Property | Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade | Reagent-grade dye | Industrial colourant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total metals | ≤10 ppm | 50–200 ppm | Often >1000 ppm |
| Halogen/ionic residue | ≤50 ppm halogen | 100–500 ppm halogen | Ionic salts present |
| Residual solvent | ≤100 ppm | 100–500 ppm | Not controlled for vacuum use |
| Packaging | Nitrogen-filled glass or fluoropolymer | Ambient glass bottle | Bulk containers |
| OLED suitability | Accepted for VTE emission layers after lot qualification | Not suitable; quencher-induced lifetime loss | Unsuitable; high nonvolatile residue |
The presence of alkali metals at parts-per-million levels is particularly critical. Sodium and potassium migrate under bias in multi-layer OLED stacks and can shift turn-on voltage. Electronic/EL Grade limits alkali metals to ≤1 ppm, whereas reagent-grade dye may exceed 10 ppm. Compared with generic sublimed-grade dyes from non-display chemical suppliers, the Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade is further defined by a tighter residual gas analysis profile during heating. Quadrupole mass spectrometry is used to track water, oxygen, and organic fragment partial pressures at 250 °C. Non-electronic grades may release volatile additives that raise chamber pressure and produce film thickness errors.
Optimal doping concentration for OLED functional dyes is set by photoluminescent quantum yield, Förster radius, and triplet-triplet annihilation. At concentrations below 1 wt%, energy transfer from the host is incomplete and emission intensity drops. Above 5 wt% to 10 wt%, depending on molecular class, concentration quenching and triplet-polaron annihilation reduce external quantum efficiency. Red fluorescent and phosphorescent systems often operate at 1–3 wt%; green phosphorescent systems may use 5–10 wt% when the host triplet energy is sufficiently high. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; the ranges above reflect widely reported host-dopant design rules.
The Samsung SDI Electronic/EL Grade does not alter these intrinsic thresholds, but its low impurity content allows quenching onset to be attributed to molecular interaction rather than trace metal artefacts. Devices fabricated with non-electronic-grade dye may show premature efficiency roll-off that cannot be fully corrected by dilution because impurities remain recombination traps. In process optimization, the dopant-to-host rate ratio is adjusted in steps of 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt% while monitoring electroluminescence spectra, current efficiency, and lifetime. A shift in chromaticity coordinates beyond 0.005 in CIELAB units often indicates incomplete energy transfer or emission from an unintended exciplex.
Each lot of Electronic/EL Grade is released with a certificate of analysis covering chromatographic purity, trace elements, residual solvent, and water content. For exciton-quenching metals, ICP-MS reporting at 1 ppm resolution is used because device-level lifetime degradation can be detected at much lower surface contamination levels. Incoming quality control in display fabs may include sublimation rate verification on a test evaporation boat before material is released to production. This is a batch-to-batch uniformity check because crucible temperature setpoints are adjusted to compensate for subtle differences in crystallite size and packing. A shift in tooling factor of 0.5% to 1.5% may be required when a new lot changes the powder bulk density. Process engineers record evaporation rate versus crucible temperature for each new lot to update the recipe parameters.
Residual gas analysis during heating is performed on some production lots using quadrupole mass spectrometry. The acceptance criterion is a low partial pressure of water, oxygen, and organic fragments at 250 °C. If the lot contains low-level solvent adducts, additional endotherms may appear below the main sublimation peak in differential scanning calorimetry at 10 K/min. Such lots are not released for OLED use because the low-temperature volatile fraction disturbs quartz crystal microbalance feedback and increases shadow mask contamination. A batch is rejected if water content exceeds 100 ppm, alkali metals exceed 1 ppm, or residual gas analysis shows a pressure rise above the sublimation baseline at 250 °C.
Storage conditions for the Electronic/EL Grade are defined by sensitivity to oxygen and moisture. Containers remain sealed under nitrogen until transfer into a glovebox. Glovebox atmosphere during loading is typically maintained below 1 ppm O₂ and 1 ppm H₂O. Exposure to ambient air above 60% relative humidity can hydrolyze moisture-sensitive functional groups and increase outgassing during evaporation. The material should not be combined with amine-based cleaning agents or Lewis acid additives because charge-transfer complexes or accelerated degradation may form. Shelf life is lot-labelled, but production users often re-test after extended storage before committing material to a production campaign. Once the container is opened inside the glovebox, material is often transferred to pre-cleaned evaporation boats under dry nitrogen to reduce water adsorption on the powder surface. Moisture uptake of 0.1 wt% can shift the deposition rate and create pinholes when flash evaporation occurs. If a container is opened outside the glovebox, the material is either re-dried under vacuum at 50 °C to 80 °C and retested, or rejected depending on water content.
