| HS Code | 637086 |
| Product Name | Bleaching Aid Enzymes |
| Type | Enzyme formulation for textile bleaching |
| Appearance | Light yellow to tan liquid or powder |
| Active Ingredient | Peroxide-stable enzyme (e.g., catalase or peroxidase) |
| Optimum Ph | 6.0-8.0 |
| Optimum Temperature | 40-60°C |
| Dosage | 0.5-2.0 g/L or 0.1-0.5% o.w.f. |
| Heavy Metal Content | <20 ppm (as Pb) |
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, airtight container; avoid direct sunlight |
| Shelf Life | 12 months from date of manufacture if stored properly |
| Solubility | Fully soluble in water |
As an accredited Bleaching Aid Enzymes factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Bleaching Aid Enzymes are packaged in 25 kg sealed fiber drums with moisture-proof liners for safe handling and transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Bleaching Aid Enzymes packed in drums/cartons, loaded into a 20′ FCL container, secured, ventilated, and kept dry. |
| Shipping | Bleaching Aid Enzymes ship in sealed, moisture-proof containers to preserve activity. Keep cool, dry, and away from direct sunlight during transit. Although generally non-hazardous, avoid dust inhalation and skin contact. Proper labeling, ventilation, and spill containment ensure safe handling and regulatory compliance. |
| Storage | Store bleaching aid enzymes in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, ideally between 5–25°C. Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination. Avoid direct sunlight, heat sources, and extreme pH conditions. Ensure proper labeling and segregation from incompatible chemicals. Follow manufacturer guidelines for shelf life and handling to maintain enzyme activity. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 6–12 months when stored cool, dry, and sealed; avoid heat, moisture, and direct sunlight. |
Residual hydrogen peroxide after alkaline pad-batch or pad-steam preparation of cotton and cotton-elastane knits governs shade reproducibility in vinyl sulfone reactive dyeing. Fabric exiting a steamer retains 50–200 mg/L H₂O₂ in wet pickup, depending on nip pressure, washing cascade design, and fabric mass per unit area. Commercial catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) preparations with declared activity of 20 000–50 000 U/mL are applied at 0.1–0.3 g/L in a dedicated kill bath at 30–40°C for 10–15 min. The dose is set by titrating residual H₂O₂ under AATCC TM102; mill specification is usually ≤3 mg/L residual H₂O₂ before reactive dye contact. The incoming fabric must be neutralized to pH 6.5–7.5 because catalase activity collapses above pH 9 and below pH 5. Oxygen evolution is rapid; in low-liquor-ratio jet machines, catalase is dosed into the circulating sump rather than spot-fed onto fabric to prevent foam pockets from causing rope flotation. The enzyme is not a reductive scour replacement. A separate comparison in a production-scale overflow rinse with air extraction showed that catalase treatment adds 15–20 min to preparation but eliminates sodium bisulfite after-wash, reducing total dissolved solids in effluent discharge.
Catalase is a peroxide scavenger only and does not remove bleaching by-products such as pectins, waxes, or silicate deposits. At temperatures above 60°C, mesophilic catalase loses activity within minutes. At >65°C, the heme porphyrin undergoes irreversible denaturation. Contact with sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorite must be avoided because redox destruction of the prosthetic group occurs even at 50 ppm available chlorine. In cold pad-batch wovens, the same enzyme is applied after soaping but before drying; residual silicate can buffer pH above 8.5, therefore a pH check with a panel-calibrated meter is required after every batch. Field data from continuous knit lines show that shade variation under ISO 105-C06:2010 is minimized when peroxide in the pad trough is maintained below 1 mg/L and total hardness remains 50–100 mg/L CaCO₃ because calcium stabilizes the enzyme tertiary structure.
| Parameter | Continuous pad-steam knits | Cold pad-batch wovens |
|---|---|---|
| Residual H₂O₂ measured by AATCC TM102 | ≤3 mg/L | ≤5 mg/L |
| Catalase dose | 0.1–0.3 g/L | 0.2–0.5 g/L |
| pH window | 6.5–7.5 | 6.0–7.0 |
| Temperature | 30–40°C | 25–35°C |
| Contact time | 10–15 min | 15–20 min |
Laccase-mediator bleaching in indigo-dyed garment finishing uses an oxidoreductase (EC 1.10.3.2) paired with a low-molecular-weight redox mediator. The mediated electron transfer oxidizes indigo at the yarn surface without hypochlorite. Process equipment is typically a side-loading or front-loading drum washer with liquor ratio 1:5–1:10, rotation speed 20–30 min⁻¹, and bath temperature 30–55°C. The enzyme dose is 0.5–2.0% by garment weight, depending on target color removal. Mediator choice changes the bleach trajectory. Violuric acid produces a cleaner blue-white cast; 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) accelerates color removal but can impart a greenish residual tone after extended treatment. 1-hydroxybenzotriazole is effective but requires REACH registration verification and is not available in all finishing regions.
Color change is assessed under ISO 105-A05 with D65 illuminant and 10° observer. Medium-blue denim typically requires ΔE⁎ab 2.0–4.0 against unwashed control for garment finishing. Laccase-mediator systems do not replicate full potassium permanganate snow-white; residual oxidation products can redeposit on polyester weft and pocketing fabric. pH control is critical: mediator radicals decay above pH 7, and enzyme half-life falls sharply above 55°C. Cellulase must not be combined with laccase in the same bath because cellulase protein and carbohydrate-binding domains are oxidized by mediator radicals. The operational boundary is narrow: bath pH 4.5–6.5 and temperature 30–50°C; excursions beyond these limits result in higher mediator consumption and unlevel garment panels.
Xylanase-assisted ECF bleaching of oxygen-delignified hardwood kraft pulp is a bleach-boosting function rather than a direct bleaching agent. The enzyme hydrolyzes xylan re-precipitated on fiber surfaces after alkaline cooking; alkaline extraction then removes oxidized lignin fragments with lower active chlorine charge. Commercial liquid xylanase is dosed at 0.05–0.5 kg per tonne oven-dry pulp, depending on strain, pH optimum, and declared xylanase units. A dedicated storage tower provides 60–120 min retention at 45–70°C and pH 6.5–9.0. Brownstock carryover and residual black liquor must be limited because phenolic compounds inhibit xylanase turnover. In integrated kraft mills, xylanase injection is placed after oxygen delignification and before the first chlorine dioxide stage; separate post-oxygen wash filtrate is preferred.
Published mill data from Eucalyptus globulus and mixed hardwood lines indicate 8–15% ClO₂ charge reduction when xylanase is applied in the optimal pH window. The same reports show no measurable tensile loss under ISO 1924-2:2008 at enzyme charges below 0.2 kg/t. Brightness is evaluated by ISO 2470-1:2016; kappa number by ISO 302:2015; effluent AOX by ISO 9562:2004. Xylanase is incompatible with chlorine dioxide carryback from the first D stage, and temperature excursions above 75°C denature most commercial preparations within 10 min. Because xylanase reduces pulp viscosity only when cellulase side activity is present, procurement specifications should require cellulase side activity below 1% of xylanase activity on a U basis.
| Control point | Test method / standard | Typical target |
|---|---|---|
| Kappa number after oxygen | ISO 302:2015 | 8–14 |
| Brightness after ECF sequence | ISO 2470-1:2016 | 89–91% ISO |
| Pulp tensile strength | ISO 1924-2:2008 | No loss at 0.2 kg/t |
| Effluent AOX | ISO 9562:2004 | ≤0.15 kg/t pulp |
Perhydrolase enzymes catalyze the perhydrolysis of acyl donors such as TAED, generating peracetic acid in situ. The enzyme is formulated into laundry detergents at 0.05–0.5 wt% of product, with activity declared against p-nitrophenyl acetate. In heavy-duty liquid detergents, the enzyme must be stabilized by pH 7–9, calcium ion, and reduced water activity; high anionic surfactant concentration accelerates unfolding. Peracetic acid generation is kinetically limited at 20°C, where reaction rate is 40–60% lower than at 40°C. Consequently, perhydrolase-containing formulations rely on a bleach precursor and a hydrogen peroxide source. Stain removal is assessed under ASTM D4265-14 using ISO 6330:2012 as the washing procedure; color fastness to domestic washing is measured under ISO 105-C06:2010.
Perhydrolase is not a bleach activator for sodium hypochlorite and is incompatible with strong reducing agents such as sulfite and thiosulfate. In powder detergent formulations, the enzyme granulate must be layered to avoid direct contact with sodium percarbonate; otherwise oxidative degradation of the active site reduces storage half-life below 6 months at 37°C and 70% relative humidity. Published data for specific product configurations is limited; formulators run retained-activity studies under ISO 105-C06:2010 protocols and confirm peracid generation by iodometric titration before final product approval.
In situ hydrogen peroxide generation by glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) is used for low-damage bleaching of loose cotton, medical gauze, and nonwoven cotton webs. The enzyme oxidizes β-D-glucose to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and H₂O₂ at pH 5.5–6.5 and 30–45°C. Commercial glucose oxidase is applied at 0.5–2.0 U/mL in long-liquor batch vessels with liquor ratio 1:10–1:20. The peroxide generated is then activated by sodium hydroxide and a stabilizer in the same bath. The process is slower than conventional alkaline peroxide bleaching and is limited to specialty cotton where retained fiber strength is critical. Whiteness index is measured by ISO 11475:2017; tensile strength by ISO 1924-2:2008; published data for this specific configuration is limited, and mill validation requires degree-of-polymerization measurement on cotton fiber. The system is not suitable for continuous pad-steam machinery because the enzyme-generation step needs a 30–60 min residence time. Glucose oxidase is inhibited by residual acid below pH 4.5 and by anionic wetting agents above 2 g/L; both parameters should be checked with the enzyme supplier before scale-up.
In wool oxidative preparation and polyamide wet processing, catalase is applied as a terminal peroxide scavenger before acid dyeing. For wool shrink-resist treatment, residual peroxide after hydrogen peroxide anti-felting or after oxidative intermediate chlorination is removed by catalase at 25–40°C and pH 6.0–7.5. Polyamide warp-knit fabrics after oxygen-based stain removal follow a similar sequence; residual H₂O₂ left in the fiber can reduce acid dye exhaustion and cause unlevel absorption on polyamide/spandex. Catalase dose in package dyeing of wool yarns is 0.1–0.3 g/L for 10 min in the same bath after overflow rinsing; method compliance is checked by AATCC TM102. The enzyme is not compatible with textile auxiliaries containing sodium hypochlorite or sodium metabisulfite. Process boundaries are narrower than cotton because wool temperature above 45°C in the presence of catalase and peroxide can cause felting in high-liquor agitation; package density must be below 350 kg/m³.
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Bleaching Aid Enzymes is supplied as a two-grade industrial enzyme system: BAE-CAT-LQ 3000, a liquid catalase preparation, and BAE-XYL-GR 5000, a granular endo-1,4-β-xylanase preparation. The catalase grade is classified under EC 1.11.1.6 and catalyzes the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. The xylanase grade is classified under EC 3.2.1.8 and catalyzes endohydrolysis of β-1,4-xylosidic linkages in xylan. Both grades are released under a quality system aligned with ISO 9001:2015. The liquid catalase grade has an indicative activity of 30,000 U/mL, where one unit decomposes 1 µmol of hydrogen peroxide per minute at 25 °C and pH 7.0. The granular xylanase grade has an indicative activity of 5,000 XU/g, where one xylanase unit liberates 1 µmol of reducing sugar per minute from birchwood xylan at 50 °C and pH 6.5. Heavy metal release limits are ≤ 10 mg/kg for arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. Microbial plate counts are ≤ 10³ CFU/g for the granular grade and ≤ 10³ CFU/mL for the liquid grade. Moisture content for BAE-XYL-GR 5000 is ≤ 10% by loss on drying at 105 °C. These values are manufacturing release criteria rather than direct performance guarantees in every downstream liquor. The product is intended for textile peroxide neutralization and kraft pulp prebleaching, where the two enzyme classes act by different mechanisms and replace different chemical inputs.
The liquid catalase grade is released against pH 5.5–6.5, specific gravity 1.05–1.10 at 20 °C, and viscosity ≤ 1,500 mPa·s at 25 °C on a rotational viscometer at 60 rpm. Activity retention after 12 months at 4–8 °C is specified as ≥ 90% of initial activity. Activity is determined by direct ultraviolet absorbance decay at 240 nm or by residual hydrogen peroxide titration using the titanium oxysulfate method; no single ISO method governs industrial catalase activity. Freeze-thaw cycling is not recommended because precipitation of stabilizer components can reduce filterability in automated dosing systems. The liquid grade is compatible with nonionic wetting agents and phosphonate-based sequestrants at conventional process levels, but hard-water flocculation can occur if the product is mixed directly with strong anionic dyes without an intermediate rinse and total hardness exceeds 150 mg/L CaCO₃. Direct addition of chlorine-based oxidizers to the drum is prohibited; available chlorine above 50 mg/L rapidly inactivates catalase. Diluted working solutions should be used within 24 h because preservative concentration is reduced upon dilution and microbial growth can consume stabilizer components.
In exhaust bleaching and continuous rope-washing lines processing knitted cotton or cotton blends, residual hydrogen peroxide in the final rinse must be below 5 mg/L to avoid redox damage to reactive dyes and inconsistent shade. The catalase grade is applied at 0.05–0.20 g/L in the spent bleach bath or first rinse at 30–40 °C and pH 7.0–8.0 for 10–20 min. Residual peroxide is verified by AATCC 102; if the value remains above 5 mg/L, the holding time is extended or the enzyme dose is increased within the cited range. Temperature above 60 °C is not used to accelerate the reaction because thermal inactivation becomes significant beyond 70 °C. Atmospheric jiggers and soft-flow machines may require venting because the reaction generates gaseous oxygen. Published data for specific machine configurations is limited, but residual peroxide below 2 mg/L is frequently reported when incoming bleach baths contain 2 mL/L of 50% hydrogen peroxide and sufficient circulation is maintained. In cold pad-batch preparation, the enzyme is applied in a separate pad bath after alkaline peroxide scour; short contact at pH 9.0 is acceptable, but residence beyond 20 min above pH 9.5 reduces functional half-life.
Xylanase prebleaching in kraft pulp does not act as a bleaching agent. It removes xylan from accessible fibre surfaces and improves the mass transfer of bleaching chemicals into the cell wall. This leads to lower kappa number at equivalent oxidant charge or equivalent kappa at reduced oxidant charge. Kappa number is determined according to ISO 302:2015. For hardwood kraft pulp with an incoming kappa number of 16–18, application of BAE-XYL-GR 5000 at 0.5–1.0 kg/t oven-dried pulp, 55–60 °C, pH 6.5–7.5, and 60–90 min retention time is associated with chlorine dioxide charge reductions of 10–15% in D0 at constant final brightness. These ranges are consistent with mill-scale technical literature, but specific results depend on brownstock washer carryover, wood furnish, and available retention capacity. The product is screened for cellulase contamination, with filter paper activity specified at ≤ 10 U/g to limit viscosity loss in bleached pulp. The granular grade is prepared as a 10–15 g/L slurry in filtered process water and screened before injection into the pulp stock line to reduce shower-nozzle plugging. Black liquor carryover above 10 kg COD/t oven-dried pulp can reduce xylanase efficiency by increasing soluble lignin loading and should be controlled through washer dilution before enzyme addition.
Compared with sodium sulfite, catalase does not contribute sulfite-derived chemical oxygen demand or inorganic ash to the wastewater stream. Sodium sulfite can destabilize reactive dye hydrolysis in subsequent processing; catalase leaves no reducing agent in the dyebath. However, catalase is not a direct replacement for peracetic acid neutralization and published data for peracetic acid decomposition by this grade is limited. Compared with alkaline xylanase preparations sold for animal feed or baking, BAE-XYL-GR 5000 is not interchangeable because it is screened for cellulase activity and formulated without starch carriers that could interfere with pulp washer operation. Xylanase also differs from acid prehydrolysis routes because acid removes hemicellulose non-selectively and can reduce pulp yield, whereas xylanase action is restricted to accessible xylan regions and helps preserve cellulosic strength. In textile preparation, BAE-CAT-LQ 3000 is not a desizing agent and does not hydrolyze starch; it is not a substitute for α-amylase in desizing stages. Application of the catalase product as a detergent ingredient must comply with Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 where applicable.
| Standard / Regulation | Scope | Release or field verification |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 9001:2015 | Quality management system | Batch traceability, retained samples, nonconformance control |
| Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 | REACH substance and preparation obligations | Professional-use safety data, enzyme dust exposure control |
| Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 | Detergent ingredient labelling and biodegradability | Liquid catalase grade where sold as textile auxiliary detergent |
| AATCC 102 | Hydrogen peroxide determination by potassium permanganate titration | Residual peroxide verification in dyebath feed water |
| ISO 302:2015 | Kappa number of pulp | Kraft pulp prebleaching efficacy |
When continuous high-pressure fabric processing requires sulfate-free discharge, catalase-based peroxide neutralization can replace sulfite but narrows the operating window for pH and temperature. The enzymatic reaction is temperature dependent; at pH 7.0 and 35 °C, apparent peroxide half-life in a well-agitated bath is below 5 min at the upper dose limit. Below 20 °C, reaction time increases and may exceed the available rinse stage on high-speed continuous lines. The processing window should be controlled within ± 5 °C around the set point because rate varies with enzyme activity and diffusion. Sodium silicate at concentrations above 2 g/L can suppress catalase activity, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid should be limited to ≤ 0.5 g/L to avoid excessive chelation of the heme iron in the active site. Mechanical shear also imposes constraints: dosing should be placed after recirculation pumps rather than before high-shear injection nozzles. Impeller tip speeds above 18 m/s in centrifugal recirculation loops may denature the enzyme and reduce peroxide conversion. In closed storage and dosing lines, oxygen accumulation from the reaction creates a pressure hazard if the line is not vented; check valves alone do not provide adequate pressure relief.
The liquid catalase grade must be kept in corrosion-resistant polymer or stainless steel dosing systems; carbon steel is not recommended because oxygen-rich liquid and possible chloride carryover can accelerate pitting. The product is incompatible with strong acids below pH 4.0, hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and strong cationic coagulants. Separate containment and line flushing with process water are required before switching from an oxidative chemical to the enzyme. The granular xylanase grade requires dust-controlled handling with local exhaust ventilation; occupational exposure to inhalable enzyme dust is managed through the safety data sheet and workplace dust monitoring. Storage below 65% RH is required to prevent clumping in screw feeders; above 70% RH, flow interruptions are observed on single-screw dosing systems. Transport exposure up to 30 °C for 48 h is permissible for both grades, but prolonged storage above 8 °C is not recommended for the liquid catalase. Neither grade is intended for direct consumer use, and direct addition to home laundry formulations is outside the supported application envelope.
