| HS Code | 467703 |
| Cas Number | 3388-53-0 |
| Molecular Formula | C6H16N2O4 |
| Molecular Weight G Mol | 180.20 |
| Appearance | white crystalline powder |
| Odor | slight ammonia odor |
| Melting Point Degc | 153 (decomposes) |
| Decomposition Temperature Degc | 153 |
| Density G Cm3 | 1.20 (approx) |
| Solubility In Water | soluble |
| Ph 1 Percent Solution | 7.3 |
| Nitrogen Content Percent | 15.5 |
| Ammonia Content Percent | 18.9 |
| Hygroscopicity | slightly hygroscopic |
As an accredited Ammonium Adipate factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Ammonium adipate is supplied in 25 kg net polyethylene-lined multiwall paper bags, securely sealed and labeled for safe handling. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Load 20′ FCL with Ammonium Adipate in 25kg bags on pallets, shrink-wrapped, around 20 tons per container safely. |
| Shipping | Ammonium adipate is typically transported as a non-hazardous chemical in sealed containers, such as multi-layer paper bags or drums, to prevent moisture uptake. Shipments are packed on pallets and shipped via truck, rail, or sea in dry containers. Avoid heat, strong oxidizers, and acids. Standard chemical handling and spill procedures apply. |
| Storage | Store Ammonium Adipate in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep the container tightly sealed when not in use to prevent caking or decomposition. Avoid contact with strong oxidizers, acids, and bases. Ensure proper labeling and segregation from incompatible materials, following local regulations. |
| Shelf Life | Ammonium adipate has a shelf life of about two years when stored tightly sealed in a cool, dry place. |
Ammonium adipate, the diammonium salt of hexanedioic acid with CAS 3385-41-9, enters integrated nylon intermediate plants as the direct reaction product of adipic acid and ammonia. Salt formation is carried out in water at pH 6.5–7.5; the ammonia-to-adipic acid molar feed is held at 2.05–2.10:1, a small excess over the 2:1 stoichiometry that suppresses free acid carryover without creating a high-ammonia vent load. The exotherm is removed by external circulation through a plate-and-frame cooler, and the resulting 40–60 wt% ammonium adipate solution is clarified through a 1 µm bag filter before storage. When the salt is routed to dehydration, a falling-film evaporator concentrates the solution to a pumpable concentrate, and a wiped-film evaporator then drives the first water-removal stage at 180–230°C. The primary chemistry in this stage is conversion of each ammonium carboxylate group to an amide with elimination of water, not ammonia. The intermediate melt is transferred under nitrogen into a fixed-bed dehydration reactor operating at 300–400°C, where silica-alumina or boron phosphate contact materials promote the second dehydration step to adiponitrile. Water of reaction and organic vapors are condensed and stripped; crude adiponitrile is purified by vacuum distillation to a commercial specification of ≥99.5 wt%. The downstream hydrogenation of adiponitrile to hexamethylenediamine and subsequent reaction with adipic acid produce the nylon 6,6 salt. Equipment for this route is typically 316L stainless steel in vapor spaces and Alloy 20 in cooler zones exposed to aqueous ammonia, and site permits address ammonia and volatile organic compound emissions under integrated pollution prevention and control frameworks. Published data for specific catalyst deactivation rates and space velocities is limited; process licensors restrict these values as proprietary know-how.
Ammonium adipate solids routed to dehydration are dried to a moisture content below 0.5 wt% in a fluidized-bed dryer at 80–100°C. The drying air is dehumidified where site relative humidity exceeds 60%; otherwise the salt rehydrates and clogs downstream screw feeders. Bulk storage is kept in epoxy-lined silos, and pneumatic transfer uses dehumidified nitrogen to prevent caking on silo walls. These material handling constraints are production-scale failure modes observed on integrated adipic acid lines, not theoretical storage estimates.
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor electrolytes use ammonium adipate as a low-residue ionic conductor in ethylene glycol-water systems for mid- to high-voltage wound elements. The salt is preferred over ammonium chloride or alkali-metal salts because it does not introduce chloride, sulfate, or non-volatile cations that promote oxide film pitting and equivalent series resistance drift. Technical bulletins for capacitor-grade ammonium adipate routinely set chloride at <5 mg/kg and sulfate at <10 mg/kg; halide contamination is a primary failure mechanism in anodized aluminum foil. The electrolyte solution is prepared by dissolving 5–25 wt% ammonium adipate in ethylene glycol with 2–10 wt% deionized water at 60–80°C under sealed mixing. The batch is then vacuum-degassed to remove dissolved oxygen and filtered through a 0.2 µm membrane before impregnation into the wound capacitor element under reduced pressure. Formulation data in open literature is limited because working electrolyte recipes are proprietary, but the general salt selection logic is documented in capacitor manufacturer application notes. Finished capacitors are aged at rated voltage to re-form the dielectric oxide, and compliance is assessed under IEC 60384-4 and JIS C 5101-1 for fixed aluminum electrolytic capacitors. End products include DC-link capacitors in switch-mode power supplies, LED driver circuits, and inverter boards where no-clean processing forbids halide residues. The operating boundary for ammonium adipate-based electrolytes is the freezing point of the glycol-water carrier; high-voltage units require low water content, which reduces conductivity and forces formulators to balance salt concentration against hydrate formation.
In cyanide-free zinc and zinc-alloy plating lines, a non-boron pH buffer is needed when boric acid is restricted by site discharge permits or end-user specifications. Ammonium adipate is introduced at concentrations of 5–30 g/L in the make-up tank with zinc chloride and potassium chloride or ammonium chloride supporting salts. The bath is held at pH 5.0–6.5 and at 25–55°C; the salt is added as a predissolved 20 wt% solution to avoid local pH overshoot, and agitation is maintained by eductor mixing. The working bath is filtered continuously through a 1 µm polypropylene depth filter to remove zinc fines and decomposed brightener. In barrel and rack lines, the buffering effect stabilizes zinc deposition current efficiency across the load range 1–3 A/dm² for acid zinc and 2–5 A/dm² for zinc-nickel, although these ranges shift with the proprietary brightener package. Finished deposits are specified at 8–12 µm thickness for automotive fasteners under ISO 4042, followed by trivalent chromium passivation. Wastewater from these baths contains ammonium nitrogen, so spent buffered rinses are routed through cation exchange or biological treatment before discharge under local permits. Published formulary data for ammonium adipate in this exact bath type is limited; plating chemical suppliers treat exact concentrations as proprietary, but use as a non-boron buffer is documented in technical disclosures.
The main incompatibility is contact with hot alkaline cleaners; cross-contamination above pH 8.5 strips ammonia from the adipate salt and creates localized odor and bath pH drift.
When the thermal treatment of ammonium adipate is stopped after the first dehydration step, the isolated product is adipamide, a difunctional intermediate with two terminal amide groups. The reaction consumes 2 mol of water per mole of ammonium adipate and leaves no free ammonia in the mother liquor; process control therefore focuses on water removal rather than ammonia scrubbing. A wiped-film evaporator at 180–230°C with vapor-side vacuum removes water and produces a molten amide stream that is flaked or granulated under dry nitrogen. Because adipamide can continue dehydration to adiponitrile or cyclize under prolonged heat, residence time in the hot zone is kept short, typically below 120 s in laboratory-scale thin-film units; production-scale data is limited. The flaked product is dissolved in water or dimethylformamide for downstream polyamide oligomer synthesis. In some process schemes, adipamide is hydrogenated to hexamethylenediamine or further dehydrated to adiponitrile, but it is also used as an intermediate for polyamide and wet-strength type condensates. Compliance for transport and handling follows REACH industrial intermediate obligations; no food-contact approval is implied for this grade. The main operational boundary is the melting point of adipamide, which requires heated transfer lines at approximately 220°C to prevent solidification.
At the lower-volume end of ammonium adipate consumption, synthetic and semi-synthetic metalworking fluid concentrates may use ammonium carboxylates as volatile-cation pH buffers in systems where sodium or potassium residues would stain hot aluminum workpieces. Ammonium adipate is introduced into the concentrate at 1–5 wt% during the cool-down phase after fatty acid and amine saponification; the batch temperature is held below 60°C to limit ammonia evolution. The final concentrate is diluted at 1:20 with water on the shop floor, yielding a working pH of 8.0–9.0 and controlled alkalinity for aluminum and ferrous alloys. Filtration of the diluted fluid through a 10 µm bag filter removes undispersed salt before charge to the machine sump. The terminal products are water-miscible cutting and grinding fluids; microbial degradation of the adipate anion can consume nitrogen, so formulated fluids also contain an approved biocide package. Published data for ammonium adipate in this specific fluid type is limited; patent literature places it among several dibasic ammonium salts used for the same buffering function. Operational boundary: avoid pH above 9.5, where free ammonia odor and copper alloy staining become significant.
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Diammonium adipate, supplied under the synonym ammonium adipate, is the fully neutralized ammonium salt of adipic acid. The commercial model is the diammonium salt, CAS Registry Number 3385-41-9, with molecular formula C6H16N2O4 and molar mass 180.20 g/mol. The monoammonium salt is not normally isolated because its lower solution pH retains free carboxylic acid functionality, which complicates drying and increases corrosion in storage. The material is produced by controlled neutralization of adipic acid with aqueous ammonia, followed by crystallization and drying. Technical grade is directed to dehydration feedstocks and bulk chemical synthesis; refined grade is controlled for chloride, sulfate, iron, and heavy metals for catalytic and residue-sensitive applications.
The adipate anion carries two carboxylate groups with pKa values of 4.43 and 5.41 for the corresponding acid functions. This dibasic character allows the salt to act as a buffering conjugate base in aqueous systems, while the ammonium cation can be liberated as ammonia or consumed in amidation reactions. The product is freely soluble in water, and a 5% aqueous solution at 25 °C is specified in the near-neutral range, which simplifies waste treatment and reduces handling corrosion relative to free adipic acid.
| Parameter | Specification | Reference method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline powder | Visual inspection |
| Assay (dry basis) | ≥ 99.0 wt% | Acid-base titration after dissolution |
| Moisture by Karl Fischer | ≤ 0.5 wt% | ISO 760:1978 |
| pH of 5% aqueous solution at 25 °C | 6.8–7.8 | ISO 10523:2008 |
| Chloride as Cl | ≤ 20 mg/kg | ISO 10304-1:2007 |
| Sulfate as SO4 | ≤ 100 mg/kg | ISO 10304-1:2007 |
| Heavy metals as Pb | ≤ 10 mg/kg | ISO 11885:2007 |
| Iron as Fe | ≤ 5 mg/kg | ISO 11885:2007 |
| Residue on ignition at 800 °C | ≤ 0.1 wt% | Gravimetric combustion |
Lot-specific values should be obtained from the supplier certificate of analysis because trace impurity levels in technical grade can be higher than those shown for refined grade. The refined grade is preferred when the downstream operation includes precious-metal or silica-alumina catalyst beds, because sodium, iron, and chloride residues can accelerate fouling and shift selectivity.
The primary distinction is the absence of a nonvolatile metal cation. Sodium adipate, for example, leaves sodium carbonate or sodium oxide after 800 °C ignition, which is unacceptable in catalytic fixed-bed feedstocks where alkali metal deposition reduces catalyst life. Diammonium adipate decomposes through ammonia and water elimination, leaving negligible inorganic residue. Ammonium sulfate also contains no metal cation, but its sulfate anion persists as a nonvolatile inorganic residue and provides no latent organic acid functionality for crosslinking or polymerization.
| Characteristic | Diammonium adipate | Sodium adipate | Ammonium sulfate | Ammonium bicarbonate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonvolatile metal residue after 800 °C | None; ammonia volatilizes | Sodium oxide/carbonate | None; sulfate may remain | None; ammonia volatilizes |
| Thermal conversion | Stepwise dehydration to adipamide/adiponitrile | Decarboxylation with alkaline residue | Sulfate decomposition | Low-temperature gas release |
| pH of 5% aqueous solution at 25 °C | 6.8–7.8 | Weakly alkaline | 5.0–6.0 | Weakly alkaline |
| Function in heat-activated formulations | Latent acid donor plus water/ammonia | Alkaline buffer; no volatile acid | Ammonia source; inorganic sulfate residue | Blowing gas source at low temperatures |
The adipate anion is a C6 dicarboxylate, so it can undergo intramolecular dehydration to form amide and nitrile intermediates. This is not possible for monofunctional inorganic salts such as ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate. The ammonium cation is the volatile neutralizing group; when it is released as ammonia, the free adipic acid becomes available for acid-catalyzed reactions. In contrast, sodium adipate retains sodium even after high-temperature processing, leaving an alkaline residue that can interfere with acid-cure systems and microelectronic cleaning baths.
In a continuous fixed-bed dehydration unit processing diammonium adipate solution for adiponitrile production, the feed is prepared by neutralizing adipic acid with anhydrous ammonia to a pH setpoint of 7.0–7.5. The neutralized solution can be handled in 316L stainless steel transfer lines, whereas free adipic acid at pH below 3 requires alloy 20 or PTFE-lined equipment to avoid corrosion. The salt is introduced to a tubular fixed-bed reactor packed with a silica-alumina dehydration catalyst. Reactor temperatures of 280–350 °C are common for the dehydration of ammonium adipate to adiponitrile; specific catalyst formulations and space velocities are proprietary. During operation, the salt first dehydrates to adipamide and then to adiponitrile, releasing water and ammonia. The off-gas ammonia is scrubbed and recycled to the neutralization step; organic effluent is condensed and separated. Pressure drop across the catalyst bed must be monitored continuously. Feedstock batches with iron above 5 mg/kg or chloride above 20 mg/kg can poison catalyst acid sites and accelerate fouling; refined grade is specified for this application.
Pre-drying of ammonium adipate for this stream is not performed above 100 °C because premature dehydration to adipamide reduces assay and shifts the stoichiometric ratio of ammonia to carboxylate in the feed. If the powder is stored at relative humidity above 60%, it becomes free-flowing only after drying at 60–80 °C in a fluid-bed dryer. The material should not be blended with strong oxidizers or nitrite salts in acidic media because rapid gas evolution and nitrogen oxide formation can occur.
Thermal analysis of diammonium adipate by thermogravimetry under inert gas shows a multi-step mass loss associated with residual water removal, dehydration to amide intermediates, and final nitrile formation. The dominant decomposition event is endothermic, which reduces local exotherm accumulation in extrusion foaming. This contrasts with azodicarbonamide, whose decomposition is exothermic and can create hot spots in the melt. Published data for a specific commercial lot of ammonium adipate should be generated by ISO 11358-1 before scale-up because particle size and heating rate shift the observed onset temperature.
The decomposition sequence can be represented as:
NH4OOC(CH2)4COONH4 → NC(CH2)4CN + 4 H2O
If the reaction stops at adipamide, the corresponding water yield is lower:
NH4OOC(CH2)4COONH4 → H2NOC(CH2)4CONH2 + 2 H2O
The theoretical volatile yield from complete dehydration to adiponitrile is 4 mol water per mole of salt, equivalent to 497 mL/g expressed as ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa. If decomposition stops at adipamide, the corresponding water yield is 2 mol, equivalent to 249 mL/g. In twin-screw extrusion, water vapor is generated at melt temperature and contributes to cell growth; however, vent condensers must be sized for the actual vapor volume at processing pressure and temperature, not for the STP value.
On a production-scale twin-screw extruder with L/D 40:1 and an atmospheric vent at the downstream barrel zone, the vent port should be heated above the water dew point at the local pressure to prevent condensation and powder buildup. Ammonia released during decomposition is corrosive to copper-based tooling and must be removed by extraction; acid scrubbers or packed columns are used to maintain workplace exposure limits. The endothermic decomposition requires additional barrel heater duty to maintain the melt temperature profile when replacing an exothermic blowing agent. Published data for ammonium adipate as a sole blowing agent in polyolefin foam is limited; foam density is typically checked by ISO 845 and tensile modulus by ASTM D638-14.
For amino-formaldehyde crosslinked coil coatings, the addition of ammonium adipate at 0.5–2.0 phr based on binder solids has been reported in experimental cure studies as a latent acid source for hexamethoxymethylmelamine cure. Free adipic acid is an effective catalyst but can reduce formulation shelf life by initiating cure at ambient storage temperatures. The ammonium salt remains largely non-acidic in the formulated liquid and releases adipic acid only after the coating reaches cure temperature. Cure response is assessed by methyl ethyl ketone double rubs according to ASTM D5402 and pencil hardness according to ASTM D3363. At peak metal temperatures of 232–249 °C, ammonia is evolved and must be removed through the oven exhaust. Addition levels above 2.0 phr may cause yellowing in melamine-crosslinked white pigmented systems and can reduce adhesion to galvanized steel if free ammonia reacts with the conversion coating. The material is not recommended for ambient-cure waterborne clears because residual ammonium ions can raise water sensitivity.
Replacement of ammonium bicarbonate with diammonium adipate in microcellular foam extrusion requires a higher barrel temperature profile because ammonium bicarbonate decomposes at 36–60 °C, often in the feed throat or early conveying zone, whereas diammonium adipate requires higher temperatures for dehydration. Ammonium bicarbonate has a theoretical gas yield of 850 mL/g at STP from ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. Diammonium adipate has a lower theoretical water yield of 497 mL/g at STP if dehydration proceeds to adiponitrile. The lower gas volume may require a higher blowing agent loading or a secondary nucleating agent, but it reduces early gas loss and improves dispersion in the melt.
The replacement is not universal. In hydrolysis-sensitive resins such as polyamide or polycarbonate, the water generated by diammonium adipate can reduce molecular weight; vacuum devolatilization at −0.06 to −0.08 MPa gauge in the late barrel zone is required. The decomposition is endothermic, so barrel heater load increases; this must be accounted for in extruder control tuning. Melt pressure at the die and melt temperature should be logged continuously to avoid pre-foaming in the barrel. Off-gas ammonia must be extracted and scrubbed because accumulation above the lower explosion limit or odor threshold presents an operational hazard. If the replacement is made in a sheet line with a flat die, the lip gap and cooling roll settings are adjusted to compensate for the lower gas volume and the slower nucleation rate.
