| HS Code | 523296 |
| Density | 0.924 g/cm³ |
| Melt Flow Index | 2.0 g/10min (190°C, 2.16kg) |
| Melting Point | 124 °C |
| Vicat Softening Point | 103 °C |
| Brittleness Temperature | -70 °C |
| Tensile Strength At Yield | 12 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 700% |
| Falling Dart Impact | 150 g |
| Haze | 12% |
| Gloss 45 | 45 |
As an accredited Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 is packaged in 25 kg polyethylene bags, palletized and wrapped for safe transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL loaded with Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 in 25kg bags, palletized and secured for safe transport. |
| Shipping | Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 is a linear low-density polyethylene resin, shipped as non-hazardous solid pellets. It is typically packed in 25 kg bags, palletized, and containerized for sea freight. Protect from moisture, direct heat, and prolonged UV exposure. Handle gently to avoid bag damage and store in a dry, ventilated area. |
| Storage | Store Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent contamination and moisture pickup. Avoid dust accumulation; use proper grounding when handling. Keep away from strong oxidizers. No special temperature requirement, but avoid prolonged high heat. |
| Shelf Life | Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 has an indefinite shelf life when stored in a cool, dry, shaded area, protected from UV and contamination. |
In heavy-duty shipping sack conversion, a 2.0 melt index butene LLDPE with 0.918 g/cm³ density is dry blended with high-pressure LDPE at 25–35 wt% to reduce melt fracture and improve bubble stability. The blend is fed through a grooved-feed single-screw extruder with 30:1 L/D and a barrier screw fitted with a Maddock mixing section; melt temperature is held at 200–220°C as measured by an infrared melt probe at the die head. A die gap of 1.8–2.5 mm and a blow-up ratio of 2.2:1–3.0:1 are typical for 100–200 µm gauge film, with frost line height adjusted to 6–10 die diameters to stabilize the bubble in high-stalk mode. Film qualification for 50 kg chemical sack liners requires tensile at break by ASTM D882 at 500 mm/min, Elmendorf tear by ASTM D1922, and dart drop by ASTM D1709 Method A on a minimum of 10 specimens from both machine and transverse directions. Converters running UN-certified sacks for dangerous goods must integrate package-level tests under 49 CFR 178.500 series; the film alone does not confer packaging certification. At gauge below 75 µm, dart impact variation increases on high-speed lines, and edge trim regrind above 20 wt% often reduces bubble stability because of lower melt strength and oxidative history. Pre-drying is not normally required; however, pellet surface condensation at relative humidity above 60% can produce surface splay and should be managed with a hopper dryer at 60–70°C for 2 h when storage conditions cycle from cold to warm. Melt temperatures above 250°C are to be avoided because butene-rich LLDPE forms oxidized gel deposits at the die lip and odour compounds in the finished sack.
Greenhouse tunnel film coextruders use Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 in the core or external layer at 40–60 wt%, with an EVA containing 14–18% vinyl acetate in the inner infrared retention layer and a UV-stabilized metallocene LLDPE exterior. The EVA addition lowers bubble stability; blow-up ratio is typically reduced from 3.0:1 to 2.0:1 when EVA exceeds 20 wt% of total structure to prevent bubble flutter and gauge bands. A UV masterbatch loaded with hindered amine light stabilizers and benzotriazole UV absorbers is added at 8–12 wt%, depending on solar radiation dose; addition above 15 wt% reduces clarity and raises haze measured by ASTM D1003 because of particle dispersion limits in single-flight screw mixing sections. Film gauge for single-season tunnel covers is 150–200 µm; at 150 µm the tear-propagation resistance measured by ASTM D1922 after 2000 h of xenon-arc weathering according to ISO 4892-2 becomes the controlling replacement criterion, not initial haze. Greenhouse installers report that brittle failure initiates from folds and staples rather than from uniform film thinning; any tear notch introduced during installation reduces field life more than UV exposure within the first two seasons. Melt temperature is held at 210–230°C, with die gap 1.6–2.2 mm and a dual-lip air ring set at 8–12 m/s air velocity for gauge uniformity. The resin’s 2.0 g/10 min melt index measured at 190°C with 2.16 kg per ASTM D1238 or ISO 1133-1:2022 is high enough for high throughput but low enough to retain bubble strength when the frost line is positioned at 8 die diameters. Adequate film slip and antiblock require a silica-loaded masterbatch at 1–2 wt%; excessive antiblock above 3 wt% increases light scattering and reduces photosynthetically active radiation transmission over 400–700 nm.
In cast stretch film for pallet unitisation, LLDPE 3224 is processed as the core layer at 45–65 wt% in a three-layer A/B/A structure, while the outer cling layers are formulated from metallocene LLDPE or ULDPE with 2–5 wt% of a polyisobutylene tackifier masterbatch to achieve peel cling measured by ASTM D5458 against a standard steel plate. Line speeds of 300–600 m/min are common on five-layer cast lines with 1.2–1.8 m dies, a chrome chill roll held at 15–25°C, and an air knife positioned 0.5–1.5 mm from the die to pin the web. Edge tear at the trim station is the dominant line-stoppage mode, particularly at film gauge below 12 µm; the trim blades must be re-set after 4–6 h of production because adhesive build-up from tackifier migration increases edge drag and causes web breaks. The core layer melt temperature is held at 240–260°C, while the cling layers are run 5–10°C hotter to reduce melt fracture at low gauge. Elastic recovery after 200% pre-stretch is measured on-line by force decay over 60 s and is more dependent on core layer co-monomer distribution than on tackifier level. Published data for this specific grade in a full three-layer stretch film at 10 µm final gauge is limited; converters should conduct a designed experiment on the production line, with die gap 0.5–0.9 mm, line speed 350 m/min, and chill roll temperature 18–22°C as fixed factors. Regrind from edge trim and roll start-up scrap is limited to 12–18 wt% of the core layer; higher regrind levels increase gel counts and reduce film haze and gloss uniformity as measured by ASTM D1003 and ASTM D2457.
Because frozen food films are required to survive drop impact at -40°C without cracking, coextruded structures use LLDPE 3224 in the core at 40–60 wt% with metallocene-catalyzed LLDPE skins to maintain low-temperature toughness. Three-layer blown film lines with 2.0–2.5 mm die gap and blow-up ratio 2.5:1–3.5:1 run film gauges of 40–80 µm; melt temperature is set at 200–220°C. The core layer provides puncture resistance measured by ASTM D5748 and tear resistance measured by ASTM D1922 after conditioning at -20°C for 40 h according to ASTM D618 Procedure A. Because the film may contact frozen meats, seafood, or vegetables, the structure must satisfy FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 for olefin polymers and, for European Union markets, Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 with overall migration below 10 mg/dm² when tested with food simulants under EN 1186-series methods. This grade is not suitable for hot-fill or retort pouch seal layers because its softening point is below that of cast polypropylene; frozen and refrigerated distribution only should be specified. Blown film bubble stability can degrade at frost line heights above 10 die diameters in humid production rooms; maintaining dew point below 10°C in the cooling air prevents surface condensation and blocking during wind-up. Addition of high-pressure LDPE above 20 wt% reduces toughness and should be avoided where ASTM D1709 Method A dart drop values below 100 g at 40 µm are contractually specified. Tensile properties for film certificate requirements may be reported according to DIN EN ISO 527-3 in addition to ASTM D882.
Extrusion lamination of BOPP and polyester is a high-temperature process where LLDPE 3224 is extruded at 300–320°C through a flat die with a 0.5–0.8 mm lip gap and drawn down to coating weights of 12–20 g/m² over an air gap of 180–250 mm. The melt temperature is near the upper thermal stability limit for butene LLDPE; the air gap length is the primary oxidation control. At line speeds of 120–250 m/min, residence time in the air gap is 0.05–0.12 s; film converters use corona discharge or ozone injection at 2–5 g/h per metre of web to increase carbonyl group formation on the molten curtain and raise adhesion to aluminium foil and primed BOPP. T-peel adhesion is measured after 24 h conditioning by ASTM D1876; published data for this specific configuration is limited, but many converters use a minimum of 1.0 N/15 mm as a rejection threshold for dry food sachets. Below 290°C melt temperature, adhesion to primed polyester falls sharply due to insufficient oxidation; above 330°C, gel particles and odour compounds increase, and die lip deposits form within 6–8 h of continuous running. LLDPE 3224’s melt index of 2.0 g/10 min per ASTM D1238 limits maximum line speed before draw resonance; typical stable draw-down ratio is 10:1–20:1, and neck-in must be held below 20% by edge pinning and deckle adjustment. The resin is not recommended as the direct food-contact sealant layer in retortable pouches; seal strength after 121°C retort must be measured by ASTM F88, and published data for this specific grade in that configuration is limited. It is used as an internal adhesive laminate, not as the retort sealant. Addition of matting agent masterbatch above 5 wt% is avoided because it raises melt pressure and reduces adhesion to BOPP.
| Application segment | Primary regulatory or standard reference | Critical test method | Operational boundary observed on production lines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heavy-duty shipping sacks and liners | 49 CFR 178.500 series for dangerous goods packaging | ASTM D882, ASTM D1922, ASTM D1709 Method A | Regrind above 20 wt% destabilizes bubble; avoid melt above 250°C |
| Agricultural greenhouse film | ISO 4892-2 weathering validation | ASTM D1003, ASTM D1922, ASTM D1238 | UV masterbatch above 15 wt% reduces haze; EVA above 20 wt% requires BUR reduction |
| Cast stretch film for pallet wrapping | ASTM D5458 cling classification | ASTM D5458, ASTM D5748, ASTM D1003 | Tackifier build-up on trim blades; regrind limit 12–18 wt% in core |
| Frozen food packaging film | FDA 21 CFR 177.1520, EU 10/2011 | EN 1186 migration series, ASTM D5748, ASTM D1922 | Not for hot-fill or retort; dew point below 10°C in cooling air |
| Extrusion lamination for sachets | FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 if food contact | ASTM D1876, ASTM F88 | Melt window 300–320°C; not for retort seal layer |
| Silage wrap | Agricultural film with batch-specific oxygen barrier verification | ASTM D3985, ASTM D5748, ASTM D5458 | Gauge below 35 µm requires OTR validation; regrind above 10 wt% increases gauge bands |
Silage wrap lines running LLDPE 3224 as a let-down base at 50–70 wt% with metallocene LLDPE and a tackifier masterbatch are used to produce 25–35 µm multi-layer film for high-moisture bales. At gauge below 35 µm, oxygen transmission measured by ASTM D3985 at 23°C and 0% RH increases in inverse proportion to thickness, and fermentation stability of baled grass depends on keeping oxygen ingress below the aerobic respiration threshold of wrapped bales. Published data for this specific butene LLDPE in silage film structures is limited; oxygen barrier should be validated on a batch basis using a coulometric sensor according to ASTM D3985 after film production, not inferred from resin density alone. Puncture resistance is measured by ASTM D5748 using a 19 mm probe at 250 mm/min; field failures occur most often when bale wrap is stretched over chopped stalks and twine knots, so minimum puncture force and elongation-to-break by ASTM D882 must be specified in both the machine and transverse directions. The tack layer uses polyisobutylene at 3–6 wt% addition; cling is tested by ASTM D5458 against a standard surface after 24 h ageing because migration of tackifier increases peel cling over the first day and then stabilises. Cast lines producing 25 µm film run at 250–450 m/min with melt temperature 240–260°C; blown lines use blow-up ratio 2.0:1–3.0:1 and die gap 1.8–2.2 mm. Acidic fermentation condensate at pH 4.0–5.5 can extract low-molecular-weight tackifier components; converters supplying film for long-term storage of silage with high lactic acid concentration should require extraction testing under ASTM D543 or EN 1186 migration protocols. Regrind addition above 10 wt% reduces tack uniformity and increases gauge bands on cast lines, which leads to local thinning and premature puncture failure at the bale wrapper during pre-stretch.
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Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 is classified as a linear low-density polyethylene film resin produced by low-pressure catalytic copolymerization of ethylene with an alpha-olefin. The grade is supplied in pellet form and is intended primarily for blown-film extrusion where the processing requirement is a balance of melt drawability, bubble stability, and solid-state toughness. The density of the polymer is nominally 0.920 g/cm³, and the melt mass-flow rate is nominally 2.0 g/10 min at 190 °C under 2.16 kg. These values position the resin within the general-purpose film extrusion window; they should be read as nominal characterizations, not as release specifications. The manufacturer’s certificate of analysis for the specific lot, produced under the relevant grade specification, is the controlling document for acceptance.
The molecular architecture of LLDPE 3224 consists of a linear backbone with short-chain branches introduced by comonomer incorporation. This structure differs from the long-chain branching found in high-pressure low-density polyethylene and from the higher-density unbranched structure of HDPE. The short-chain branching disrupts crystallization enough to lower density and increase toughness, while the linear backbone retains the higher melt viscosity and lower melt strength that distinguish linear resins from high-pressure LDPE. These differences are important in conversion because they determine the range of acceptable die gaps, blow-up ratios, and air-ring settings.
The controlling variables are density and melt mass-flow rate. Density is measured after conditioning at 23 °C using ISO 1183-1:2019 or ASTM D1505-18; a value in the 0.918–0.922 g/cm³ range corresponds to a linear low-density architecture with a crystallinity level sufficient for stiffness but low enough for puncture resistance. Melt mass-flow rate is measured according to ISO 1133-1:2022 or ASTM D1238-20 at 190 °C with a 2.16 kg load. The nominal 2.0 g/10 min value indicates a molecular weight that is low enough to permit thin-gauge film drawdown but high enough to retain film strength. Grades with significantly higher melt flow would improve drawdown and output but reduce bubble stability and toughness; grades with lower melt flow would increase melt strength and dart impact but raise extruder head pressure and require more drive torque.
| Property | Test method | Representative film range |
|---|---|---|
| Melt mass-flow rate | ISO 1133-1:2022 / ASTM D1238-20 | 2.0 g/10 min |
| Density at 23 °C | ISO 1183-1:2019 / ASTM D1505-18 | 0.918–0.922 g/cm³ |
| Tensile stress at break, 50 µm blown film | ISO 527-3:2018 / ASTM D882-18 | 20–25 MPa |
| Elongation at break, 50 µm blown film | ISO 527-3:2018 / ASTM D882-18 | 600–800 % |
| Dart impact, F50, 50 µm blown film | ISO 7765-2:2022 / ASTM D1709-16a | 90–120 g |
| Vicat softening temperature, A50 | ISO 306:2022 / ASTM D1525-17e1 | 95–105 °C |
Published data for this specific configuration is limited, and the tabulated values are to be treated as a representative envelope for butene-copolymer LLDPE film resins of this density and melt flow class. They are not a substitute for the grade certificate or for tests performed on film made on the target converting line.
In blown-film conversion, LLDPE 3224 behaves differently from high-pressure LDPE because the resin does not exhibit the same extent of strain hardening. The bubble is less tolerant of abrupt air-velocity changes, and neck-in at the die is more pronounced unless the die gap is reduced. Commonly applied die gaps for this resin class are 1.2 mm to 2.0 mm, compared with 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm for many LDPE film lines. Barrel temperature profiles typically rise from 150 °C at the feed zone to 200–220 °C at the die. Blow-up ratios are normally maintained between 2.0:1 and 3.5:1; below this range, the film may show excessive machine-direction orientation and a low transverse tear resistance, while above this range, bubble stability may deteriorate and gauge variation may increase.
The processing window is bounded by thermal degradation and melt-pressure accumulation. At melt temperatures above 230 °C, oxidative chain scission can form gel particles that appear as fisheyes and can raise yellowness. At melt temperatures below 190 °C, the higher melt viscosity increases extruder head pressure, especially when fine screen packs are used. A practical operating band of 195–220 °C is therefore applied on many single-screw lines. On a 65 mm extruder with an L/D ratio of 28:1, breaker-plate pressure is often observed in the 25–35 MPa range for this product class, although actual values depend on screw design, backpressure, and throughput. Frost-line height should be held within ±50 mm of the set point to prevent variations in film crystallinity and tear balance.
Capillary rheometry under ISO 11443:2021 shows that the viscosity curve of butene-copolymer LLDPE is less steep than that of high-pressure LDPE. At low shear rates, the linear resin may have lower viscosity, but at the higher shear rates of film extrusion the LLDPE may generate higher die pressure because it shear-thins less. This is a fundamental distinction that explains why simple resin substitution without adjustment of die gap, screen pack, or temperature profile can produce melt-pressure alarms or bubble instability. For this reason, some converters blend 10–30 wt% high-pressure LDPE into 3224 to restore bubble stability and reduce die pressure; the blend reduces dart impact and puncture resistance relative to the unblended LLDPE film.
Film properties are anisotropic. At a blow-up ratio below 2.0:1, machine-direction tear strength is typically lower than transverse-direction tear strength because molecular orientation in the machine direction favors tear propagation along that axis. At blow-up ratios above 2.5:1, the orientation balance shifts and transverse-direction tear may be reduced. The ratio of machine-direction to transverse-direction Elmendorf tear should be measured on line film using ASTM D1922-19 or ISO 6383-2:2021, not inferred from pellet properties. For heavy-duty sacks, a balanced tear strength is usually preferred, which requires adjustment of blow-up ratio and frost-line height rather than resin change alone.
Comparison with high-density polyethylene begins with density and stiffness. The 0.920 g/cm³ density of LLDPE 3224 places it below the 0.940 g/cm³ lower boundary for HDPE in ASTM D883 terminology. The lower density produces a film that is softer and more flexible, with higher elongation at break and better puncture resistance at low temperature. HDPE film, by contrast, provides higher modulus, lower elongation, a higher Vicat softening temperature, and a lower water-vapor transmission rate. In heavy-duty sack structures, HDPE and LLDPE 3224 are often coextruded or blended to obtain a film with high stiffness in the outer layer and high tear resistance in the inner layer.
Against metallocene-catalyzed LLDPE, the differentiation is primarily molecular uniformity. A conventional butene-copolymer LLDPE such as 3224 is characterized by broader molecular weight distribution and less uniform comonomer placement. The broader distribution improves shear thinning and may reduce extruder backpressure, which is beneficial on older extruders. The less uniform comonomer placement produces a broader melting range and may increase haze and extractable content relative to metallocene hexene or octene grades. Metallocene grades typically show lower seal initiation temperature, higher hot-tack strength at equivalent temperature, and lower extractables, but they may be more sensitive to frost-line position and air-ring turbulence. Selection between 3224 and a metallocene grade depends on whether film properties or ease of processing dominate the production objective.
A direct substitution of LLDPE 3224 for high-pressure LDPE on a legacy blown-film line usually requires equipment adjustments. The die gap is typically reduced because the linear resin benefits from higher shear to delay melt fracture and improve surface smoothness. The air ring is often replaced or adjusted to a dual-lip configuration that delivers a higher-velocity cooling stream close to the die face. On a 250 mm die with a 1.5 mm die gap, the frost line for LLDPE 3224 is commonly set 20–30 % higher than for LDPE to allow the bubble to stabilize. Air velocity is then reduced to avoid bubble flutter, and the collapsing frame angle is kept below 24 ° from vertical where possible. These changes are not cosmetic; without them, converters frequently observe bubble oscillation, gauge bands, and split films at the collapsing nip.
Heat-seal response should be validated on the target packaging machine. On laboratory heat-seal equipment, the minimum seal initiation temperature for this resin class is commonly observed between 95 °C and 110 °C, depending on film thickness, contact time, and jaw geometry. Seal strength is measured according to ASTM F88/F88M-21. On vertical form-fill-seal machines running at high speed, hot-tack strength may be lower than that of a metallocene sealant layer; seal-bar temperatures may need to be raised by 5–10 °C relative to LDPE or the seal layer may be coextruded with a lower-melting resin. Published data for this specific configuration is limited, and pilot-scale sealing trials are required before commercial specification.
Optical properties of 3224 are controlled by crystallite size, surface roughness, and melt fracture. Blown films at 50 µm gauge typically show haze values between 10 % and 15 % and gloss at 45° between 50 and 70 when measured according to ASTM D1003-21 and ASTM D2457-21. These values are generally acceptable for heavy-duty and agricultural packaging but are higher in haze and lower in gloss than high-clarity LDPE or metallocene grades. The addition of high-pressure LDPE improves gloss and reduces haze but lowers dart impact and puncture resistance.
Regrind from edge trim can be incorporated at levels up to 30 wt% without loss of film properties in many heavy-duty sack applications, provided that the regrind is free of contamination and is not degraded. Higher levels may reduce dart impact and raise gel count. The amount of regrind that can be tolerated depends on the number of heat cycles, the presence of adhesive lamination layers, and the required film aesthetics.
Compliance status is application-dependent. Polyethylene resins of this class are generally suitable for food-contact use when the raw material complies with FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 and the European framework Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Compliance is not an intrinsic property of the pellet and depends on conversion temperatures, colorants, additives, and end-use thickness. The manufacturer’s letter of compliance should be obtained before food-contact use. Storage under ambient conditions is normally sufficient, but regrind exposed to relative humidity above 60 % should be dried or conditioned before extrusion to prevent surface moisture from producing silver streaks. The resin should not be exposed to temperatures above 260 °C for extended periods, and it should not be mixed with unsaturated additives that promote free-radical crosslinking in the barrel.
| Regulatory reference | Scope |
|---|---|
| FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 | Olefin polymers intended for food-contact articles; density and end-use limitations apply |
| Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 | Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food; overall migration testing required |
| REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 | Registration and substance restriction obligations in the European Union |
| RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU | Restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment |
These references are compliance frameworks, not product specifications. No certification can be inferred from the grade name alone.
Primary conversion routes for Taiwan Plastics LLDPE 3224 include blown-film extrusion for general-purpose packaging, agricultural greenhouse film, heavy-duty sacks, and lamination films. In heavy-duty sack applications, the resin is commonly coextruded or blended with HDPE to balance stiffness with tear resistance. In agricultural tunnels, the resin is formulated with UV stabilizers and anti-fog additives; the base resin provides low-temperature flexibility and puncture resistance under wind loading and mechanical contact. In lamination films, 3224 is selected where the sealant layer must withstand tearing during packaging of frozen or irregular goods. The grade is not intended for high-clarity shrink film, retort pouches, or packaging exposed to pasteurization above 95 °C; those applications require higher-density polyethylenes or metallocene grades with controlled extractables and lower seal initiation temperature.
