| HS Code | 434812 |
| Material Type | PAHT (High Temperature Polyamide) |
| Filler | Mineral |
| Color | Black |
| Density | 1.16 g/cm³ |
| Tensile Modulus | 4200 MPa |
| Tensile Strength | 75 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 3.0% |
| Flexural Modulus | 3800 MPa |
| Flexural Strength | 110 MPa |
| Charpy Notched Impact Strength | 4 kJ/m² |
| Melting Temperature | 295 °C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature Hdt B | 150 °C |
| Water Absorption | 0.5% |
| Print Temperature | 280-300 °C |
| Bed Temperature | 100-120 °C |
| Drying Temperature | 80 °C |
| Drying Time | 4-8 h |
| Shrinkage | 0.4-0.6% |
As an accredited Lehvoss LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L Nylon, Mineral Filled, for Additive Manufacturing factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Lehvoss LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L supplied as 1 kg vacuum-sealed spool of 1.75 mm mineral-filled nylon filament, desiccant included. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Container loading: one 20′ FCL of Lehvoss LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L mineral-filled nylon for additive manufacturing, palletized and secured. |
| Shipping | According to typical SDS, Lehvoss LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L Nylon, mineral-filled, is non-hazardous and not transport-regulated. Ship as general freight in sealed moisture-barrier packaging with desiccant. Keep dry, cool, and protected from contamination. No special labels or UN number required; verify with current SDS. |
| Storage | Store Lehvoss LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L in its original sealed packaging with desiccant. Keep in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place at 15–25 °C and low humidity, ideally below 50% RH, away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Reseal opened material promptly or use a dry cabinet to prevent moisture absorption, which can degrade additive manufacturing performance. |
| Shelf Life | Typically 12 months when stored unopened in original packaging, dry, at room temperature, and protected from moisture and UV light. |
Automotive engine-compartment cable harness retainers and fluid line clips are produced in low-volume batches when injection mould tooling cost cannot be recovered below 5,000 parts per variant. In this segment the mineral-filled polyamide is deposited at a layer height of 0.15 mm to 0.20 mm on a heated build plate with a polyamide-based adhesive. Print orientation aligns the primary tensile path along the X-Y plane because Z-direction tensile strength in layer-fused polyamide can fall to 40–60% of the in-plane value. Test data for the specific LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L configuration must be generated according to ISO 527-2:2012 on type 1B or ASTM D638-14 type IV specimens. The mineral filler content, typically in the 20–35 wt% range for this class of material, lowers mould shrinkage and raises heat deflection temperature but also increases melt viscosity. Hardened steel nozzles with a minimum hardness of 65 HRC and direct-drive extruders with 3:1 gear reduction are used to limit nozzle wear. Drying is performed in a desiccant dryer with a dew point of -30 °C to -40 °C at 80 °C for 4 h to 12 h until residual moisture is below 0.10 wt% measured by ISO 15512:2019.
Under-hood thermal compliance is evaluated by heat ageing at 120 °C for 1,000 h in accordance with ISO 188:2011, followed by impact testing per ISO 179-1/1eA at 23 °C and -30 °C. Chemical resistance to SAE 10W-40 engine oil and lithium-based grease is screened by immersion per ISO 175:2010 at 80 °C for 500 h. Published data for this specific LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L grade under OEM-specific engine compartment fluid mixtures are limited, so qualification against the relevant OEM specification remains mandatory. On manufacturing lines, the dominant failure mode observed is not tensile overload but stress cracking at wire-routing slots where as-printed sharp corners concentrate stress. A minimum internal fillet of 2.0 mm is applied before printing, and slot edges are post-machined with solid carbide end mills to remove raster discontinuities.
Mineral-filled polyamide spacer plates and cell alignment fixtures operate against the need for low creep under sustained contact pressure at 60–80 °C. A mineral loading in the 20–35 wt% class reduces the coefficient of linear thermal expansion to approximately 40–60 µm/m·K in the X-Y plane, compared with 80–110 µm/m·K for unfilled polyamide 6/66, measured by ISO 11359-2:2021. This matters in multi-cell modules where busbar weld nesting tolerances are commonly held to ±0.15 mm. For additive manufacturing, Z-axis shrinkage remains higher than in-plane shrinkage. Dimensional verification requires structured light scanning with point clouds processed according to ISO/ASTM 52921:2013 for machine coordinate systems. Electrical safety compliance is evaluated through dielectric strength per IEC 60243-1:2013 on 3.0 mm specimens, comparative tracking index per IEC 60112:2009, and volume resistivity per ASTM D257-14. The formulation must be treated as a specific grade for which flame classification is to be verified against UL 94 at the final wall thickness used in the module.
The filler can create microvoids at printed cell contact pockets. Post-print annealing at 100 °C for 2 h in a forced-air oven is used to relax internal stress before inserting brass heat-stake inserts. Insert fastening torque is limited to 1.5–2.5 N·m because the mineral filler lowers ductility at notches and cracks propagate from the insert knurl root. Published data for this specific configuration under cell swelling loads is limited, so creep modulus measured by ISO 899-1:2017 at 80 °C should be included in acceptance testing. On production-scale assembly lines, batch-to-batch variation in filler particle size distribution has been observed to shift melt flow rate by 10–20%; lot acceptance uses ISO 1133-1:2022 at 275 °C with 2.16 kg load as an incoming material control point.
| Parameter | Set point | Measurement method | Failure mode outside set point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residual moisture | <0.10 wt% | ISO 15512:2019 | Surface splay, hydrolysis-induced loss of tensile strength |
| Dryer dew point | -30 °C to -40 °C | Dew-point meter | Incomplete drying |
| Build chamber relative humidity | <40% | Capacitive hygrometer | Z-axis fusion weakness and filament swelling |
| Nozzle temperature | 280–300 °C | Thermocouple at nozzle block | Thermal degradation below upper limit, under-extrusion below lower limit |
| Build plate temperature | 80–110 °C | Surface thermocouple | Warp or first-layer delamination |
| Chamber air temperature | 45–80 °C | NTC probe | Layer separation below lower limit, overhang sag above upper limit |
| Annealing protocol | 100 °C for 2 h | Forced-air oven | Internal stress relaxation, dimensional drift |
Short-run production of aerospace cabin brackets and ventilation duct adapters from mineral-filled PAHT is constrained less by compressive strength than by the heat transfer kinetics at the deposition interface. Semicrystalline high-temperature polyamide exhibits a sharp crystallization rate. When the previously deposited layer cools below the crystallization onset temperature before the next raster is applied, interfacial diffusion stops and fusion strength collapses. For this class of material a heated chamber is not optional. The chamber air temperature must be held within a narrow band, commonly 70–90 °C, because below 70 °C the Z-direction tensile strength may fall below 30 MPa when tested by ASTM D638-14 type IV specimens. Above 90 °C, unsupported overhangs begin to sag and bore diameters lose roundness. Processing conflict arises because mineral filler increases thermal conductivity relative to unfilled polyamide, accelerating layer cooling. Print speed must be reduced to 20–40 mm/s for thin walls below 1.5 mm, while volumetric flow is maintained at 3–6 mm³/s to avoid irregular bead width.
The end product is a cabin air distribution bracket with 1.5–2.5 mm wall thickness, post-machined at mounting holes with solid carbide end mills at 12,000–18,000 rpm. Aerospace interior compliance is assessed by vertical burn testing in accordance with 14 CFR 25.853(a) Appendix F Part I and heat release by FAR 25.853 Appendix F Part IV where required. Published data for this specific LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L colour and filler system under AITM/FAR testing is limited, so each build configuration must be tested at final wall thickness and density. When ambient relative humidity exceeds 60%, open spool exposure must be limited to 4 h; otherwise moisture content increases above 0.20 wt% and hydrolysis during extrusion lowers molecular weight, observed as an increase in melt flow rate by ISO 1133-1:2022 and reduced impact strength by ISO 179-1/1eA.
End-of-arm tooling bodies for collaborative robot cells require mass limitation below 3 kg per gripper assembly, high specific stiffness, and repeatable flatness across vacuum channel faces. The mineral filler in LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L reduces stiffness loss after moisture exposure because water uptake measured by ISO 62:2008 at 23 °C and saturated humidity is generally lower for filled polyamides than for unfilled polyamides. The gripper plate is printed with a 0.15 mm layer height, then the vacuum groove face is finished by fly-cutting on a three-axis CNC mill to a flatness of 0.05 mm per 100 mm. Bolt counterbores are machined after printing to create perpendicularity to the vacuum face because as-printed Z-axis holes often deviate 0.05–0.15 mm over 20 mm depth. Threaded joints are reinforced with helicoil inserts; torque retention is tested after 500 cycles of 2.5 N·m insertion and removal. The mineral filler raises storage modulus at 80 °C; dynamic mechanical analysis by ISO 6721-5:2019 is used to verify stiffness retention on the first production article.
Collision failure modes observed on manufacturing lines occur at layer interfaces adjacent to 90° corners. Fillet radii of 3 mm minimum are applied at all transition faces. Steel locating pins are installed with a slip-fit to avoid wedge-induced splitting in the layer plane. Workholding during post-machining uses vacuum fixtures rather than point clamping to avoid compression collapse of infill walls below the machined surface. The end product is a robot end-effector with integrated vacuum grooves, sensor mounting bosses, and cable-routing slots that maintains flatness over 10,000 pick-and-place cycles under clean-room ambient conditions.
Low-volume pump housings for water/glycol circulation in industrial temperature-control units are printed when cast tooling amortisation exceeds 1,000 units. The mineral-filled polyamide body offers in-plane modulus sufficient for pressures below 2 bar at 60 °C, but the design must not reproduce aluminium geometry directly. The higher linear thermal expansion of the polymer, approximately 40–60 µm/m·K versus 23.1 µm/m·K for cast aluminium, requires larger radial clearances and elastomeric seals with 20–30% compression. Printed housings are sealed by using a gasket groove machined into the X-Y face. Sealing faces are then inspected by differential pressure decay at 0.5 bar air pressure under water to detect porosity. Chemical resistance is screened by immersion in a 50:50 ethylene glycol/water mixture at 80 °C for 1,000 h per ISO 175:2010; tensile strength is then measured by ISO 527-2:2012.
Published data for this LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L grade under long-term coolant ageing is limited. In mineral-filled polyamides, the filler-matrix interface can degrade preferentially at the layer-fusion boundary, producing surface microcracks that propagate under cyclic pressure. The operational boundary is therefore set at coolant temperature below 80 °C and pH between 7 and 9 to avoid acid-catalysed hydrolysis. Avoid combination with amine-based corrosion inhibitors because residual free amines can promote surface stress cracking in polyamide. The filler content raises heat deflection temperature and lowers creep but reduces weld line strength in thin printed walls; therefore port bosses must not fall closer than 8 mm to an adjacent layer-fusion boundary. End product is a pump housing with threaded ports using brass inserts at torque limited to 2.0 N·m, tested on a hydraulic pressure rig for 5,000 cycles from 0 bar to 1.5 bar at 60 °C.
Sliding wear pads and guide rails in powder metering and packaging machinery use mineral-filled polyamide for dimensional stability, low moisture growth, and reduced stick-slip compared with unfilled nylon. The part is printed with the wear surface in the X-Y plane because Z-axis surfaces contain raster boundaries that create micro-roughness and lower compressive fatigue resistance. Surface roughness on the as-printed wear face is 8–15 µm Ra; if the application requires <2 µm Ra, the surface is machined with a single-lip PCD cutter at 6,000–10,000 rpm. Wear rate under unlubricated sliding against hardened steel is screened by ASTM G133-05 ball-on-flat with 10 N normal load and 0.05 m/s sliding velocity. Because published data for this specific LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/L grade is limited, tribological acceptance must include a build-orientation-specific specimen set.
The mineral filler reduces surface transfer of material to the counterface, but it also reduces ductile fracture resistance. Impact strength by ISO 179-1/1eA at -30 °C must be checked when the guide rail is used in refrigerated packaging lines. Workholding during post-machining uses vacuum fixtures to avoid point compression that can collapse the infill walls below the wear surface. The guide rail body is stiffened with hexagonal infill at 35–50% density rather than a solid section, which keeps mass below 1.2 kg for a 400 mm length and avoids excessive heat buildup during machining. On packaging lines, the observed failure mode is not bulk wear but edge chipping at rail ends where filled polymer is struck by misaligned product transfer bars. A 2 mm chamfer and a reduced layer height of 0.10 mm at the final 3 mm of the rail end mitigate this failure by increasing the number of fused layers at the impact edge.
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The designation Lehvoss LUVOCOM 3F PAHT 9936 BK/N identifies a black, mineral-filled nylon feedstock within the LUVOCOM 3F family for extrusion-based additive manufacturing. The 3F series denotes compounds formulated for fused filament fabrication or fused deposition modeling; PAHT denotes a high-temperature polyamide matrix with elevated thermal response relative to standard PA6 and PA66; 9936 is the internal filler/matrix code; BK/N indicates the supplier colour designation for black. Product acceptance for mechanical and thermal properties is based on the supplier certificate of analysis, with referenced methods including ISO 527-2 for tensile properties, ISO 178 for flexural properties, ISO 75-2/-3 for heat deflection temperature, ISO 1183-1 for density, and ISO 62 for water absorption. The material is intended for parts requiring lower warpage than unreinforced high-temperature polyamide and should not be confused with a powder-bed fusion feedstock.
Mineral-filled high-temperature polyamides are heterogeneous, two-phase systems in which a particulate inorganic filler is dispersed in a semi-crystalline polyamide matrix. The mineral phase may consist of plate-like or irregular silicate particles; the exact mineralogy is not always disclosed on public datasheets and should be confirmed with the supplier when chemical contact or regulatory food-contact assessment is relevant. The mineral filler raises melt viscosity, increases stiffness, and lowers volumetric contraction during crystallization by acting as a non-shrinking volume fraction. It also acts as a nucleation agent, increasing crystallization rate and producing a finer spherulitic superstructure. This microstructural change reduces anisotropic shrinkage but can reduce damage tolerance if filler-matrix adhesion is not maintained.
Production of the compound requires controlled high-shear dispersion. On a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with an L/D ratio from 32:1 to 44:1, barrel temperatures in the range 260 °C to 300 °C are typical for PAHT compounds. The screw configuration should include distributive mixing elements rather than aggressive kneading blocks to limit polyamide chain scission while wetting the mineral surface. Vacuum venting is used to remove volatile water and low-molecular-weight fractions. The thermal stabilizer package is a critical formulation variable because the material must survive both compounding and subsequent filament production or printing thermal cycles.
The PAHT classification implies a melting peak or processing range above that of standard aliphatic nylons. High-temperature semi-aromatic polyamides often melt above 250 °C, and some formulations require nozzle temperatures above 300 °C for stable extrusion. For the exact melting point and heat deflection temperature of PAHT 9936 BK/N, the supplier datasheet is controlling; independent numerical values are not reproduced here because published data for this specific configuration is limited. The relevant test methods remain ISO 75-2/-3 for deflection temperature and ISO 306 for Vicat softening temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 10 K/min may be used to determine peak melting temperature and crystallinity; the cooling rate on a build platform is significantly faster than in the DSC pan, so as-printed crystallinity is not identical to the annealed or as-molded value.
The 3F series differs from conventional LUVOCOM injection-moulding compounds by using a molecular weight distribution and stabilizer package selected for longer melt residence times typical of fused filament fabrication toolpaths and for reduced die swell during filament extrusion. Published comparative rheological data for this exact grade is limited; therefore, processing windows established on injection-moulding-grade PAHT should not be transferred without experimental verification.
Before melt processing, the feedstock must be dried to a residual moisture target below 0.1 % by mass. Polyamide absorbs water; melt processing of wet material produces hydrolytic chain scission, void formation, rough extrudate, and reduced interlayer strength. Desiccant drying at 80 °C to 90 °C for 4 h to 12 h with a dew point no higher than -40 °C is a standard starting condition for mineral-filled PAHT. If the material is exposed to ambient air at relative humidity above 60 % for more than 8 h, re-drying is required. Filament spools should be stored in sealed bags with desiccant and transferred to a heated dry box during printing.
Extrusion through an FFF toolhead is influenced by the mineral filler’s abrasive character. A hardened steel or other abrasion-resistant nozzle is required; brass nozzles are not suitable for sustained mineral-filled feedstock processing. Nozzle diameters of 0.4 mm or larger reduce the risk of filler-induced clogging. The initial window for nozzle temperature is commonly 290 °C to 320 °C for high-temperature polyamides, but the exact set point must be adjusted based on thermocouple calibration, layer height, print speed, and filament diameter control. A heated bed at 80 °C to 110 °C and an actively controlled chamber at 60 °C to 100 °C improve first-layer adhesion and reduce warpage on large-section parts. Print cooling fans should be disabled or used only at low speed because high cooling rates can suppress interlayer polymer chain interdiffusion.
Direct-drive toolheads with a sharp melting zone produce more consistent feeding than long Bowden paths for stiff, mineral-filled filament. Filament diameter should be monitored by laser micrometer; variation should remain within ±0.05 mm for many FFF machines, though machine-specific tolerance applies. A feed wheel with a hardened drive gear and sufficient torque prevents grinding of the loaded filament.
Interlayer fusion is controlled by localized melt temperature, contact pressure, and time available for chain diffusion across the weld interface. A mineral filler raises melt viscosity and may reduce the diffusion rate of polyamide chains across the interface, so nozzle and chamber settings for a mineral-filled grade are typically higher than for an unfilled grade. At the same time, the particles increase thermal conductivity, which can reduce the magnitude of temperature gradients through the layer stack and stabilize the weld line. The net effect on Z-direction tensile properties should be measured experimentally using specimens printed in the vertical orientation and tested per ISO 527-2. XY-direction specimens alone do not characterize interlayer performance.
Anisotropy is lower for low-aspect-ratio mineral particles than for short carbon fibre or glass fibre because the particles do not orient strongly along the print toolpath. Carbon-fibre-reinforced PAHT grades may show higher XY modulus but more pronounced Z-direction strength reduction. Unfilled PAHT may show higher elongation at break but greater warpage and higher shrinkage. Mineral-filled PAHT therefore occupies an intermediate position: the filler reduces warpage and improves dimensional stability while sacrificing some ductility and ultimate tensile strength relative to unfilled polyamide. Specific comparative values require a controlled study against the exact alternative grade; published data for this specific configuration is limited.
| Standard or regulation | Property or scope | Test condition / note |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 527-2 | Tensile modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break | Specimens conditioned at 23 °C and 50 % RH per ISO 291; print orientation must be recorded |
| ISO 178 | Flexural modulus, flexural strength | Three-point flexure, test speed 2 mm/min |
| ISO 75-2/-3 | Heat deflection temperature | Flatwise loading is common for printed specimens |
| ISO 306 | Vicat softening temperature | Method A 10 N or Method B 50 N as specified by supplier |
| ISO 1183-1 | Density | Method A immersion; used for incoming lot identity check |
| ISO 1133-1 | Melt mass-flow rate / melt volume-flow rate | Conditions specified by supplier; used for batch consistency |
| ISO 62 | Water absorption | Equilibrium at 23 °C in water or at 50 % RH |
| REACH (EC) No 1907/2006 | Substance registration | Check supplier SDS for SVHC statement |
| RoHS 2011/65/EU as amended by (EU) 2015/863 | Restricted substances | Applicable to electronic apparatus if contained in end-use equipment |
At relative humidity above 60 %, unsealed feedstock absorbs moisture within hours. Hydrolytic degradation is cumulative; repeated drying cycles above recommended temperature can degrade the thermal stabilizer. The mineral filler is abrasive; feed path components may wear after extended campaigns. The compound should not be combined with amine-based compatibilizers or certain copper-containing heat stabilizers without supplier verification because such additives can alter melt stability and layer adhesion. Prolonged service contact with hot aqueous glycol, strong mineral acids, or high-pressure steam is not recommended unless chemical resistance has been qualified for the exact part design and printing conditions.
Manufacturing fixtures, assembly jigs, end-of-arm tooling, and inspection gauges are common application fields for mineral-filled PAHT because they require low warpage during printing and stable dimensions under modest thermal load. Compared with unfilled PA6, the high-temperature polyamide matrix shifts the usable thermal window upward and typically reduces the rate of moisture-induced dimensional change. Compared with PA12, PAHT offers higher temperature capability but requires higher processing temperatures and more rigorous drying. The mineral filler provides lower shrinkage than unfilled PAHT and may provide better edge definition on drilled or tapped features. However, the material is not a direct substitute for all tooling polymers; chemical exposure, sustained load, wear, and impact should be evaluated separately.
Dimensioning should use coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured per ISO 11359-2; for printed parts, CLTE is orientation-dependent and should be reported with print axis and raster angle. Machining operations such as drilling, reaming, and tapping should be performed at low cutting speeds with adequate chip extraction and without flood coolant if the coolant contains water; localized heating can melt the polyamide and smear the hole surface. Threaded inserts installed with heat stakes should be selected for high-temperature polyamides; insertion temperature must be below the material’s thermal decomposition threshold.
Printing of large fixtures requires attention to bed adhesion. When the chamber temperature cannot be maintained above 60 °C, large flat sections may debond at corners. A sacrificial brim or raft with lower infill density reduces the concentration of shrinkage stress at the first layer. The build plate surface should be compatible with high-temperature polyamide; polyimide tape, engineered PAHT adhesion sheets, or microporous glass-filled build plates are used in production. Published data for this specific configuration is limited, so first-article evaluation must include dimensional stability, Z-tensile retention, and thermal cycling if the fixture contacts heated components.
Incoming lots should be verified against the supplier certificate of analysis. Melt volume-flow rate per ISO 1133-1, density per ISO 1183-1, tensile modulus per ISO 527-2, and moisture content are the minimum incoming control points. If the compound is converted to filament, the extrusion line should use a vacuum-vented single-screw or twin-screw extruder with a grooved feed section and a melt pump for constant output. Filament diameter is controlled by a closed-loop laser gauge and wound with low tension. A diameter deviation above ±0.05 mm can produce under-extrusion or over-extrusion on FFF machines. Winding tension should not exceed the filament’s elastic limit; stress whitening at the spool hub indicates excessive bending stress and can lead to brittle fracture during printing.
For applications that involve contact with oils, greases, or solvents, chemical compatibility should be tested with printed ISO coupon geometry rather than injection-moulded plaques because porosity and weld lines affect transport and swelling. The user should not rely on injection-moulding-grade chemical resistance data without experimental verification on the specific print parameters, layer height, and infill density. Lots stored beyond the supplier’s recommended shelf life are not automatically unusable but require re-drying and mechanical verification before production release.
