| HS Code | 229848 |
| Material | Polylactic Acid (PLA) |
| Print Technology | FDM/FFF |
| Form | Monofilament |
| Filament Diameter | 1.75 mm |
| Diameter Tolerance | ±0.05 mm |
| Net Weight | 750 g |
| Color | Natural/translucent |
| Glow Color | Green |
| Glow Effect | Phosphorescent |
| Printing Temperature | 195-220 °C |
| Heated Bed Temperature | 0-60 °C |
| Density | 1.24 g/cm³ |
| Melting Temperature | 145-160 °C |
| Glass Transition Temperature | 55-60 °C |
| Tensile Strength | 45-50 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 5-10% |
| Nozzle Diameter | ≥0.4 mm |
| Print Speed | 40-80 mm/s |
| Spool Diameter | 200 mm |
| Spool Width | 55 mm |
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, 15-25 °C |
As an accredited InnoGlow 3D FDM/FFF Printing Polylactic Acid Monofilament factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | InnoGlow 3D FDM/FFF Printing Polylactic Acid Monofilament comes on a 1 kg spool, vacuum-sealed with desiccant in a labeled cardboard box. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Container Loading (20′ FCL): InnoGlow PLA 3D printing monofilament spools, palletized, moisture-protected, securely braced, maximizing safe container capacity for ocean freight. |
| Shipping | InnoGlow 3D FDM/FFF Printing Polylactic Acid Monofilament is non-hazardous and not regulated for transport. Ship at ambient temperature in sealed moisture-barrier bags with desiccant, packed in sturdy boxes. Protect from heat, direct sunlight, and moisture. No UN number, hazard class, or special documentation required. |
| Storage | Store InnoGlow PLA monofilament in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep sealed in its original packaging or an airtight container with desiccant to prevent moisture absorption, which can degrade print quality. Avoid storing near strong oxidizers or incompatible chemicals. Keep out of reach of children and maintain clean, labeled storage. |
| Shelf Life | Stored sealed, cool, dry, and away from UV light, InnoGlow PLA monofilament typically has a shelf life of 12–24 months. |
At a build chamber relative humidity above 60%, the monofilament absorbs sufficient surface moisture to reduce interlayer tensile strength by more than 15% when printed at 210 °C; product development laboratories therefore dry the spool for 4–6 h at 55 °C in a desiccant dryer with a dew point below -30 °C before processing. For consumer electronics enclosures and snap-fit verification parts, the filament is extruded through a 0.4 mm brass nozzle at 210 ± 5 °C, with a 0.16 mm layer height, 3 perimeter shells, and 45% gyroid infill; the build plate is held at 55 °C on a polyvinyl acetate adhesive film. On a direct-drive extruder, retraction is set to 0.8–1.0 mm at 30 mm/s; on Bowden-driven machines, the same material typically requires 2.0–2.5 mm retraction at 40 mm/s to prevent stringing without clogging the hot end. Flat XY tensile specimens conditioned under ISO 291-23/50 and tested to ISO 527-2 at 5 mm/min commonly return ultimate tensile stress in the 48–62 MPa range, tensile modulus of 3.0–3.5 GPa, and elongation at break of 3–6%. Upright Z-oriented specimens frequently fall to 18–32 MPa tensile strength because the interlayer weld plane remains the limiting plane. Snap-fit hooks and cantilever arms designed for ABS should not be transferred directly; PLA elongates only 3–6% and fails in brittle mode at outer fibre strains above 5%, so the hook root radius must be increased to at least 0.8 mm and the deflection reduced by 40–60%.
Investment casting patterns printed from the monofilament are configured with 1.5–2.5 mm outer wall thickness, 12–18% gyroid infill, and 0.10–0.15 mm layer height to balance handling rigidity against clean thermal burnout. The pattern mass density of 1.24 g/cm³, measured per ASTM D792-20, is lower than that of filled wax, and the ceramic shell must therefore be vented with 2–3 gate openings of at least 3 mm diameter to release decomposition gas and prevent shell rupture. Thermogravimetric analysis according to ISO 11358-1 at 10 °C/min in air shows the onset of thermal degradation near 280–300 °C, with 95–99% mass loss achieved by 600 °C; the burnout ramp is set at 2 °C/min from 200 °C to 600 °C and held for 2 h to minimize thermal shock cracking. Natural unpigmented material is specified because mineral colorants such as titanium dioxide and talc raise ash residue; residual ash should remain below 0.1 wt% to avoid non-metallic inclusions in aluminium A356.0 and 17-4PH steel pours. The printed pattern is unsuitable for wax-elimination autoclaves operating above 120 °C because the PLA geometry softens and distorts before controlled burnout begins. Finished applications include low-to-medium volume impellers, brackets, and valve component castings where short lead time outweighs the higher ash sensitivity of the feedstock.
For drill jigs, coordinate measuring machine holding fixtures, and go/no-go assembly templates, the monofilament is printed at 0.20 mm layer height with 6–8 perimeters and 65–85% triangular infill to increase compressive stiffness in the load-bearing axis. Post-print annealing in a forced-air oven at 80 °C for 60 min shifts the heat deflection temperature under 0.45 MPa load from approximately 55 °C to 85–90 °C when measured by ISO 75-2:2013, but it also introduces anisotropic shrinkage of 1.0–2.0% in the X/Y build plane and 0.8–1.5% in the Z axis. Drill guide bores should be modelled oversize by 0.15–0.30 mm and reamed after annealing because hole diameters can close non-uniformly with wall thickness; validation of positional tolerance is performed against ISO 2768-1 medium class for non-critical features. Static charge generation on assembly lines is a processing boundary because the monofilament surface resistivity generally exceeds 1 × 10^12 Ω/sq when tested to ASTM D257; unmodified PLA fixtures are therefore excluded from electrostatic protected areas around populated printed circuit boards unless an external antistatic coating is applied and verified. Continuous load at operating temperatures above 40 °C is not recommended for PLA fixtures because creep accumulates under clamping pressure. Terminal products include drilling jigs, CMM holding blocks, and short-run assembly templates, not high-cycle or elevated-temperature production tooling.
Because the monofilament is not radio-opaque and has not been certified under ISO 10993-1 for tissue-contact or implantable applications, its medical use is confined to external anatomical models, diagnostic casts, and pre-operative planning aids produced from DICOM-segmented CT or MRI data. The build protocol for maxillofacial models uses 0.12 mm layer height, 20% cubic infill, 2 perimeter shells, and a nozzle temperature of 205 °C to preserve the orbital wall and mandibular canal contours. Printed models are verified with a laser scanner against the source DICOM geometry to ±0.25 mm mean surface deviation using best-fit alignment. Dental study casts are printed with 0.10 mm layer height and 40% adaptive infill to reproduce occlusal anatomy for diagnostic articulation; disinfection is performed with quaternary ammonium compounds at room temperature because autoclave exposure at 121 °C exceeds the Vicat softening temperature of approximately 60–65 °C, measured per ISO 306. Regulatory documentation covers REACH and RoHS compliance under Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and 2011/65/EU, but no permitted food-contact or implantable-grade claim is inferred unless explicitly listed in the batch certificate. Finished outputs include surgical planning models, dental diagnostic casts, and patient education models.
Large-footprint architectural models printed flat on glass require a first-layer bed temperature of 60 °C followed by 50 °C from layer two, with a brim of 8–12 mm at 0.00 mm offset to eliminate corner lifting. Tall massing volumes are sliced with 0.20 mm layer height, 3 outer perimeters, 8–12% rectilinear infill, and a minimum layer time of 12–15 s to ensure the previous layer has cooled below 55 °C before the next deposition pass. Model scale compensation is set to 0.3–0.5% in the X/Y plane and 0.2–0.4% in the Z axis for as-printed shrinkage. Post-finishing uses water-based acrylic primer and polyurethane topcoat because acetone does not solvate PLA uniformly and solvent polishing with dichloromethane can induce stress crazing. Display models are restricted to environments below 50 °C; the material carries a UL 94 HB classification and is not treated as a fire-rated interior finish. Terminal products include urban planning massing models, topographical contour models, and port development presentation models where tight deadline and low mass are the controlling requirements.
On laboratory-scale FFF equipment, ASTM D638-14 Type V tensile bars are produced at 100% rectilinear infill, 0.20 mm layer height, and alternating ±45° raster orientation across the gauge length. Flat specimens conditioned for 48 h at 23 °C/50% RH per ISO 291 and pulled at 5 mm/min under ISO 527-2 commonly fall between 48 MPa and 60 MPa, while upright specimens printed in the same build can drop to 18–32 MPa because the interlayer weld plane becomes the failure site. This reproducible anisotropy trial demonstrates the influence of build orientation on load transfer through the printed part. Extrusion multiplier is held between 0.98 and 1.02, and nozzle diameter is verified with a bore gauge before the trial because a worn 0.4 mm nozzle opening of 0.42 mm or larger causes over-extrusion and invalidates comparison sets. The monofilament is not a reference material for formal inter-laboratory qualification; it serves as a consistent teaching artifact for process control and mechanical testing modules. Terminal outputs include tensile coupons, process-control teaching aids, and dimensional tolerance demonstration sets.
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InnoGlow 3D FDM/FFF Printing Polylactic Acid Monofilament is supplied under model designations ING-PLA-175-1000 for 1.75 mm nominal diameter and ING-PLA-285-1000 for 2.85 mm nominal diameter. The feedstock is a semicrystalline unfilled polylactide compounded without impact modification or mineral reinforcement; density is specified as 1.24 g/cm³ when tested in accordance with ASTM D792-20. Each spool contains 1.000 kg net wound monofilament on a polycarbonate flange with a 52 mm bore, and the spool is vacuum-sealed with a desiccant sachet. The material is intended for fused filament fabrication and fused deposition modeling equipment with either direct-drive or Bowden extrusion. The product is not a copolymer-modified PLA and exhibits a glass transition at 55–60 °C and a peak melting endotherm at 150–160 °C by differential scanning calorimetry per ASTM D3418-21.
On each spool flange, the model designation, lot number, production date, and gross weight are laser-etched. The lot number encodes the compounding batch and extrusion line; retained samples are held for 24 months. Shelf life in the original vacuum-sealed packaging is 24 months from the production date when stored at 15–30 °C and 50 % RH. After opening, the recommended consumption interval is 6 months if the spool is resealed with desiccant. The product is not formulated with recycled or reground resin. The melt viscosity at 210 °C and 100 s⁻¹ shear rate is 600–1000 Pa·s by capillary rheometry per ISO 11443, which is within the melt pumping capacity of standard FDM hot ends.
| Property | Unit | Specified Value | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal diameter, 1.75 mm line | mm | 1.750 ± 0.05 | Micrometer, 20-point spiral per spool |
| Ovality | mm | ≤ 0.03 | Max-min diameter per spool |
| Linear mass | g/m | 2.98 ± 0.05 | Conditioned at 23 °C, 50 % RH |
| Net weight | g | 1000 ± 10 | Calibrated balance |
| Density | g/cm³ | 1.24 ± 0.02 | ASTM D792-20 |
| Moisture at packaging | wt% | ≤ 0.025 | ISO 15512 |
Diameter values are monitored with dual-axis laser gauges during extrusion. Production-scale single-screw extrusion lines with 24:1 and 30:1 L/D ratios show that diameter drift above ±0.03 mm is commonly associated with melt pressure fluctuation exceeding 0.15 MPa in the metering zone. The vacuum-sealed packaging maintains internal relative humidity below 10 %; once opened, the monofilament should be returned to a sealed desiccated enclosure when ambient relative humidity exceeds 50 %.
Under ASTM D638-14 Type IV conditions, printed specimens that are dried to ≤0.025 wt% moisture and annealed for 1 h at 60 °C yield tensile strength of 58 MPa, tensile modulus of 3.6 GPa, and elongation at break of 3.2 %. Flexural strength measured according to ASTM D790-17 is 97 MPa with flexural modulus of 3.8 GPa. Izod impact strength, notched, determined by ISO 180/A is 2.7 kJ/m². These values are sensitive to raster orientation: flat 0° raster specimens typically show higher tensile modulus, while 45°/−45° raster layups reduce tensile strength by 10–15 %. Published data for this specific configuration is limited for z-axis tensile values; no z-axis strength claim should be extrapolated from xy-plane results.
Moisture uptake at 50 % RH and 23 °C reaches approximately 0.2 wt% after 48 h and exceeds 0.8 wt% after 72 h at 85 % RH. Hydrolytic degradation during melt processing becomes measurable above 0.025 wt% moisture; bubble formation, nozzle drool, and diameter swelling at the orifice are commonly observed above 0.05 wt%. Predrying is mandatory when spools have been exposed to ambient relative humidity above 60 % for more than 24 h. Drying at 60 °C for 4–12 h in a desiccant dryer or convection oven with a dew point ≤ −30 °C is required. Drying above 70 °C risks spool flange distortion and filament tacking; direct contact with heating elements is incompatible. Thermal analysis per ASTM D3418-21 gives a glass transition at 55–60 °C, a cold crystallization exotherm at 95–105 °C, and a peak melting endotherm at 150–160 °C. Heat deflection temperature under 0.455 MPa load measured by ASTM D648-18 is 52 °C, which limits continuous service temperature.
For a 0.4 mm brass nozzle, the stable extrusion interval is 200–220 °C; a 0.6 mm nozzle may require 205–225 °C. The heated bed setpoint is 50–60 °C. Build chamber temperatures above 40 °C reduce cold-zone filament stiffness and increase the probability of buckling in Bowden systems. Retraction settings are material-specific: Bowden systems typically begin at 4–6 mm retraction at 40 mm/s, and direct-drive systems begin at 0.5–1.5 mm at 25–35 mm/s. Excessive retraction above 8 mm in Bowden configurations can pull molten polymer into the heat break and cause plugging. The material is compatible with polyetherimide and glass bed surfaces; adhesion is improved with polyvinyl alcohol glue stick at bed temperatures below 60 °C. No heated enclosure is required, and enclosures above 40 °C are not recommended for unmodified hot-end designs.
First-layer adhesion is governed by bed flatness and z-offset. For a 0.20 mm first layer, the z-offset should place the nozzle at 0.10 mm from the bed; a 0.25 mm first layer width with 105 % extrusion multiplier prevents edge lifting. Bed surface temperature uniformity across a 310 mm × 310 mm build plate should be within ±3 °C; larger deviations cause differential shrinkage and corner lifting. A removable adhesive is applied only when bed adhesion is insufficient; the adhesive film thickness should not exceed 0.02 mm to avoid masking the first-layer texture.
In production-scale multi-hour builds, Bowden systems with PTFE tubes above 600 mm show filament buckling failures at idler tension above 5 N; direct-drive systems tolerate lower casing temperatures. The spool must rotate freely; a tangle caused by overlapping winds increases extrusion force and produces periodic under-extrusion. The recommended idler tension for 1.75 mm filament is 2–4 N. For 2.85 mm filament, the feed path must not contain curves below a 60 mm radius.
Melt flow rate determined by ISO 1133-1:2022 at 210 °C and 2.16 kg is 6 g/10 min. For a 0.4 mm nozzle at 0.20 mm layer height and 1.75 mm diameter, the practical print speed limit is approximately 80–100 mm/s before under-extrusion becomes visible in perimeter walls. Increasing nozzle temperature above 225 °C can compensate for throughput but narrows the processing window. At 230 °C, residence-time degradation accelerates; acrid odor, yellowing, and molecular weight reduction are observed after 5 min of static residence. The maximum continuous extrusion temperature should not exceed 230 °C, and purging is required if the hot end is held above 230 °C for any period. The processing window is 210 ± 10 °C for a 0.4 mm nozzle without hardened steel heat-break modifications. Published data for specific high-speed coreXY machines is limited; parameter validation must be performed on the target toolhead.
| Property | Unit | InnoGlow PLA | Generic unfilled PLA | ABS | PETG | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength | MPa | 58 | 50–60 | 40 | 50 | ASTM D638-14 |
| Tensile modulus | GPa | 3.6 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ASTM D638-14 |
| HDT at 0.455 MPa | °C | 52 | 50–55 | 95 | 70 | ASTM D648-18 |
| Izod impact | kJ/m² | 2.7 | 2.5–3.0 | 12 | 6 | ISO 180/A |
Compared with ABS, the PLA monofilament exhibits lower heat deflection temperature and lower notched Izod impact but lower linear shrinkage, typically 0.3–0.5 % on a 150 mm bar, compared with 0.7–1.0 % for ABS under identical conditions. Compared with PETG, the PLA monofilament shows higher flexural modulus but lower notched Izod impact. Compared with mineral-filled PLA grades, the unfilled InnoGlow material has lower density and lower abrasiveness on brass nozzles, but it also has lower heat deflection temperature and lower surface hardness, typically 72–75 Shore D versus 80–84 Shore D for mineral-filled grades. The product is not suitable for continuous service above 50 °C, steam sterilization, or load-bearing parts requiring impact above 6 kJ/m². Nozzle wear is minimal with brass; however, mineral-filled or abrasive additives are absent, so no hardened nozzle is required.
Following the supplier’s safety data sheet, the raw resin is supplied with REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 compliance documentation and is below RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II restricted substance limits for lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB, and PBDE. No food-contact certification is granted for printed parts, irrespective of raw resin compliance, because layer lines and pores can harbor microbial contamination. Store unopened spools at 15–30 °C and below 50 % RH; after opening, the spool should be kept in a sealed container with desiccant when not loaded. Do not expose filament to amine-based cleaning agents or acetone; PLA is incompatible with ketone and chlorinated solvent vapor polishing and may craze with prolonged contact.
The standard ING-PLA-175-1000 grade does not incorporate phosphorescent pigments; a glow-modified variant is identified separately and is outside the mechanical property values reported here. Pigmented variants use 1–3 wt% masterbatch; titanium dioxide and carbon black grades shift the melt flow rate by ±0.5 g/10 min relative to natural. Color changes during purging require approximately 300 mm purge volume for single-nozzle systems. If a pigmented grade is used for mechanically critical parts, the tensile strength may decrease by 3–5 % due to pigment particle stress concentration; published data for this specific configuration is limited.
