| HS Code | 445226 |
| Product Name | Evonik VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12 |
| Material | Polyamide 12 (PA12) |
| Color | Natural |
| Physical Form | Free-flowing powder |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Bulk Density | 0.50 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Particle Size D50 | 90 µm |
| Shore Hardness D | 78 |
| Tensile Strength | 40 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 300% |
| Water Absorption | 1.5% (24h at 23°C) |
As an accredited Evonik VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Evonik VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12 is supplied in 20 kg sealed bags as free-flowing powder for industrial coating applications. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Container Loading (20′ FCL): Evonik VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12, powder form, packed in sealed bags on pallets, ready for safe transport. |
| Shipping | VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12 ships as a fine thermoplastic powder in sealed multi-wall bags or drums. Protect from moisture, humidity, and direct heat during transit. Store in a cool, dry area. Not classified as dangerous goods under standard transport regulations, but handle with care to avoid dust generation. |
| Storage | Store VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12 in its original, tightly sealed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Protect from moisture, as the powder is hygroscopic. Avoid dust accumulation. Recommended storage temperature below 25°C ensures optimal flow and shelf life. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is approximately 24 months when stored sealed, dry, and at room temperature in original packaging. |
Electrostatic fluidised-bed coating of steel wire dishwasher baskets using VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is specified where the fused PA12 film must withstand alkaline dishwasher detergents, 85 °C wet heat, and mechanical wear from crockery contact. The substrate is AISI 1008 or AISI 304 wire, alkaline-degreased at 60–70 °C, shot-blasted to an anchor profile of Ra 30–50 µm, and phosphated under DIN EN 12476:2000 when the customer specification demands a conversion layer. Powder moisture is held below 0.5 wt% because moisture above that threshold reduces fluidised-bed expansion height and creates pinholes at the melt stage. When powder has been stored at relative humidity above 60%, pre-drying at 80 °C for 4 h is required before hopper loading. Substrate preheat at 300–350 °C for 90–150 s is set against coating thickness; preheat below 280 °C leads to edge cover below 150 µm, and preheat above 370 °C produces amide oxidation and yellowing in natural-color PA12. Immersion time in the fluidised bed is 2–5 s, followed by post-fusion at 200–220 °C for 2–4 min to promote levelling. VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is processed as 100 wt% binder in single-powder systems; where dry-blended with inorganic pigments, the powder blend is maintained at 95–98 wt% VESTOSINT 2161 and 2–5 wt% pigment to avoid shifts in particle-size distribution and melt viscosity. Compliance for repeated food-zone contact is assessed under FDA 21 CFR 175.300; commercial dishwashing equipment parts may also require NSF/ANSI 51. Terminal products are dishwasher wire racks, cutlery baskets, and support rails.
On multi-station carousel lines with 12-basket indexing, the main batch-to-batch variance arises from powder particle-size drift in the d90 fraction above 90 µm, which increases melt levelling time and generates orange-peel texture. Melt-flow control is monitored under ISO 1133-1:2022 at 235 °C/2.16 kg; a melt volume-flow rate below the material certificate lower bound indicates absorbed moisture or thermo-oxidative chain extension, requiring pre-drying at 80 °C for 4 h before reintroduction to the fluidising hopper. Waterborne primers containing amine-functional silanes should be avoided because residual primary amines accelerate PA12 melt viscosity increase during post-fusion; this can create pinholing at film thickness below 200 µm.
| Parameter | Range/Setpoint | Reference test or equipment condition |
|---|---|---|
| Substrate preheat | 300–350 °C for 90–150 s | Infrared pyrometer, emissivity 0.85 |
| Powder moisture content | ≤ 0.5 wt% | Karl Fischer titration |
| Fluidising air dew point | ≤ 1.5 °C | Dew-point transmitter at bed inlet |
| Immersion time | 2–5 s | Pneumatic dip cycle, repeatability ± 0.3 s |
| Post-fusion | 200–220 °C for 2–4 min | Recirculating convection oven |
| Final film thickness | 200–400 µm | ISO 2808:2019 |
Automotive clips and brackets manufactured from hardened spring steel are coated with VESTOSINT 2161 natural color to suppress corrosion at cut edges and to provide a low-friction surface against adjacent polymer clips. The parts are stamped, heat-treated, shot-blasted, and immersed in an aqueous silane-based adhesion promoter bath containing 1–2 wt% active silane; the resulting primer film is 3–5 µm. VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is applied at 100 wt% as a single topcoat by electrostatic spray at 60–80 kV or by fluidised-bed dip. The preheat setpoint is 280–310 °C for thin-wall clips and 300–330 °C for thicker brackets. Fusing is performed at 190–210 °C for 3–6 min; final film thickness is 180–300 µm. Electrostatic transfer efficiency declines below 65% when the gun-to-part distance exceeds 200 mm, and edge coverage below 120 µm promotes red rust at cut edges before 240 h of neutral salt spray exposure under ISO 9227:2022. Adhesion is verified under ASTM D3359-17 Method B; the specification is typically no more than 5% coating removal. Corrosion test duration and scribe creep limits are set by OEM material specifications; ISO 9227:2022 neutral salt spray is the reference exposure method. Terminal products include brake line clips, battery mounting brackets, wiring harness retainers, and seat rail brackets.
On hospital bed side rails and laboratory furniture frames, VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is applied as a 250–450 µm thermoplastic powder coating over chromium-free conversion-coated aluminium or steel tube. The powder is processed at 100 wt% binder; where colour is required, dry-blending with 2–4 wt% inorganic pigment is used instead of melt compounding to retain the particle morphology needed for corona charging. Metal pretreatment uses a nano-zirconium or trication phosphate conversion layer per DIN EN 12476:2000; preheat is 260–320 °C for steel and 240–280 °C for aluminium; electrostatic spraying at 60–80 kV is followed by post-fusion at 200–215 °C for 5–8 min. Where final articles contact intact skin, ISO 10993-5:2009 and ISO 10993-10:2021 are the applicable screening endpoints; published data for VESTOSINT 2161 in implantable or mucosal-contact devices is limited, so final-article biocompatibility testing is required before product release. Chemical compatibility with hydrogen peroxide vapour and quaternary ammonium disinfectants must be validated on the finished coating because PA12 amide bonds absorb polar disinfectants at 23 °C over repeated exposure. Terminal products are hospital bed side rails, laboratory furniture frames, and infusion stand bases.
VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is used as the thermoplastic binder in fusible interlinings for collars, cuffs, and waistbands; scatter-coating machines apply the powder at 20–50 g/m² depending on facing fabric weight. Scatter-coating uses 100 wt% powder; paste-dot formulations contain 70–85 wt% VESTOSINT 2161, 10–20 wt% aqueous acrylic thickener, 3–5 wt% dispersing agent, and 0.5–1 wt% defoamer. The powder is fused at 160–190 °C for 10–20 s under cylinder pressure of 1–3 bar; cooling below 45 °C before cutting prevents blocking. Compliance for skin-contact textile auxiliaries is assessed under OEKO-TEX Standard 100 Class II and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII. Bond strength is tested after washing according to ISO 6330:2021; swelling of the PA12 matrix by plasticizer migration from PVC-backed fabrics reduces measured peel force, so layered constructions with PVC should be avoided. The process is not indicated for wash cycles above 60 °C because creep in the PA12 bond line lowers dimensional stability. Terminal products are garment collar and cuff interlinings, waistband tapes, and textile reinforcements where published compatibility data supports the substrate.
On exercise equipment handrails and pull-up bars, VESTOSINT 2161 natural color replaces liquid epoxy primer/topcoat systems on steel tube because single-layer thermoplastic fusion eliminates solvent emissions and yields a warmer hand-contact surface than thermoset epoxy. The powder is applied as 100 wt% binder; for textured surfaces, a dry blend of 95–98 wt% VESTOSINT 2161 and 2–5 wt% mineral filler or pigment is used. Steel tube is cut, welded, and treated with a chromium-free nano-zirconium conversion coating before preheating to 280–320 °C. Corona electrostatic spray guns operate at 70–90 kV with gun-to-part distance 150–250 mm. Post-fusion at 200–220 °C for 3–5 min builds film thickness 250–400 µm. Pencil hardness is assessed under ASTM D3363-20, flexibility under ISO 1519:2011, and abrasion resistance with a Taber abrader using CS-17 wheels at 1000 g. A b* colour shift under ASTM D2244-23 is monitored when natural-color powder is used without pigment.
Process windows narrow for tube wall thickness below 3 mm because residual heat dissipates at 4–6 °C/s during transfer from preheat oven to powder booth. If booth residence exceeds 45 s, surface temperature drops below 230 °C, producing weld-seam pinholes and gloss differential. Preheat setpoints above 330 °C induce premature amide oxidation, measured as b* shift under ASTM D2244-23. Batch-to-batch powder lot release should include melt volume-flow rate under ISO 1133-1:2022 at 235 °C/2.16 kg and laser-diffraction particle size at d10/d50/d90; a d50 shift beyond the material certificate band changes electrostatic transfer and edge coverage. Terminal products are treadmill handrails, cross-trainer handles, strength machine pull-up bars, and stair climber rail covers.
Powder coating of washing machine suspension components with VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is confined to metal parts exposed to alkaline detergent droplets, high-humidity cycles, and vibration. The parts are zinc-phosphated, preheated to 270–320 °C, fluidised-bed dipped for 3–6 s, and post-fused at 200–215 °C for 2–4 min. VESTOSINT 2161 natural color is used at 100 wt% binder; when a black finish is required, 2–5 wt% inorganic black pigment is dry-blended to produce final film thickness 200–350 µm. Chemical resistance is tested by immersion in pH 10.5 detergent solution at 40 °C according to ISO 2812-1:2017; adhesion after aging is measured under ASTM D3359-17 Method B. The coating is not indicated for dryer heater housings because continuous service above 130 °C exceeds the Vicat softening region of PA12 and causes creep. Terminal products are suspension springs, pulley brackets, and detergent drawer slides.
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Manufacturer technical literature reports the following typical values for Evonik VESTOSINT® 2161 natural color Polyamide 12; the certificate of analysis for the specific lot takes precedence over typical values. The powder bulk density is approximately 0.45 g/cm³ when measured according to ISO 60. Laser diffraction particle-size analysis according to ISO 13320-1 generally shows a D50 in the 50–65 µm range and a controlled fine fraction that supports thin-film deposition. The fused polymer density is approximately 1.01 g/cm³ per ISO 1183-1. The melting peak of the polyamide 12 matrix appears near 176–180 °C by differential scanning calorimetry following ISO 3146. Equilibrium moisture uptake at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity is approximately 0.7 wt% per ISO 62. Fused PA12 films typically exhibit Shore D hardness of 72–76 per ISO 868 and tensile elongation above 200% per ISO 527-2. The powder is an unfilled natural polyamide 12 grade, so mechanical data refer to fused film or molded specimen values rather than direct applied-coating performance.
| Property | Value | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Powder bulk density | 0.45 g/cm³ | ISO 60 |
| Particle-size D50 | 50–65 µm | ISO 13320-1 |
| Fused polymer density | 1.01 g/cm³ | ISO 1183-1 |
| Melting peak | 176–180 °C | ISO 3146 |
| Moisture uptake at 23 °C/50% RH | 0.7 wt% | ISO 62 |
| Shore D hardness | 72–76 | ISO 868 |
| Tensile elongation at break | >200% | ISO 527-2 |
For fluidized-bed sintering, the substrate must first be degreased and grit-blasted to Sa 2½ per ISO 8501-1; a phosphate conversion coating may be used where additional wet adhesion or corrosion resistance is required. Preheat ovens are typically operated between 280 °C and 350 °C, with part surface temperature confirmed by contact pyrometer or infrared sensor rather than by oven air temperature alone. Immersion time in the fluidized powder bed is usually 3–10 s. Film thickness is governed primarily by substrate thermal mass and dwell time: heavier steel sections deposit thicker coatings at constant dwell because the higher stored heat flux melts and coalesces additional powder. Industrial fluidized-bed units are often run with porous plate air supply at 0.3–0.6 bar, and the fluidizing air is dried to a dew point of -40 °C or lower to reduce moisture-induced pinholes.
Post-fusing is performed at 170–185 °C for 5–15 min. Oven temperature uniformity should be held within ±5 °C because the lower bound controls particle coalescence and the upper bound accelerates thermo-oxidative yellowing of unpigmented natural PA12. At the post-fusing temperature, the zero-shear viscosity of polyamide 12 permits leveling, but surface temperatures above 190 °C can cause viscosity reduction and sag on vertical or complex geometries. In corona electrostatic spray, guns are operated at 60–100 kV with powder output between 80 g/min and 150 g/min. The fine particle-size distribution of VESTOSINT 2161 supports film builds in the 150–300 µm range on cold or low-preheat parts. Reclaimed overspray should be blended with virgin powder at controlled ratios, typically not exceeding 30 wt% reclaimed material, to preserve particle-size distribution, charge stability, and film smoothness.
Production-scale observations indicate that powder moisture above 0.2 wt% before charging the fluid bed can produce surface voids and irregular film formation. If storage relative humidity exceeds 60%, the powder should be dried in a desiccant dryer at 80–85 °C for 4–8 h. Powder recovery systems should include cyclone and cartridge filtration suitable for polyamide 12 dust. Natural-color material requires dedicated handling equipment or thorough purging after pigmented grades because cross-contamination produces visible specks in the final film.
Polyamide 12 is selected when moisture stability, low density, and chemical resistance to oils and greases are more important than maximum temperature resistance. Compared with PA11, PA12 has a lower melting point by approximately 8–10 °C and lower density; compared with PA6, PA12 absorbs significantly less moisture at equilibrium, which reduces dimensional change and electrical property drift in humid service. Within the VESTOSINT range, 2161 natural is differentiated from coarser PA12 coating powders by its finer particle-size distribution and lower melt viscosity. The lower melt viscosity improves flow and leveling in thin films but increases the risk of sag on vertical surfaces if the part is overheated above 190 °C. Consequently, film thickness is better controlled by reducing preheat temperature and dip time than by extending oven dwell alone.
Relative to VESTOSINT 2158 natural, VESTOSINT 2161 natural is positioned for electrostatic spray and thin-film dip coating. VESTOSINT 2158 natural is used where a coarser particle cut is acceptable for faster build in thick fluidized-bed sintered coatings, typically above 400 µm. VESTOSINT 2161 natural is unfilled; tribological variants containing graphite or molybdenum disulfide are available for sliding wear applications where a lower coefficient of friction is required. Published data for direct film-smoothness comparisons under identical line conditions is limited, so validation on the specific substrate geometry is required before grade substitution.
| Property | PA12 | PA11 | PA6 | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ | 1.04 g/cm³ | 1.14 g/cm³ | ISO 1183-1 |
| Melting peak | 176–180 °C | 185–190 °C | 220–225 °C | ISO 3146 |
| Moisture uptake at 23 °C/50% RH | 0.7 wt% | 1.1 wt% | 2.8 wt% | ISO 62 |
| Saturated water uptake | 1.5 wt% | 1.9 wt% | 9.5 wt% | ISO 62 |
| Tensile modulus | 1400–1600 MPa | 1200–1400 MPa | 2800–3200 MPa | ISO 527-2 |
In food-processing equipment, polyamide 12 coatings are specified where repeated exposure to hot water and alkaline cleaning agents occurs. The natural grade is often selected for internal surfaces not exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Migration limits must be verified against Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 and 21 CFR 177.1500 for the specific coated article. The hydrophobic amide chemistry of PA12 reduces dimensional swelling in saturated water compared with PA6; the difference is approximately 1.5 wt% versus 9.5 wt% when measured by ISO 62. This property improves film adhesion retention in wet-dry cycling and reduces stress on coated edges.
In dishwasher basket coating lines, the powder is applied to steel wire baskets that must withstand alkaline detergent solutions at 60–70 °C and pH 10–11. The PA12 film provides impact toughness and resistance to stress cracking under thermal cycling. Chemical resistance is evaluated by ISO 2812-1 using standard detergent formulations, and corrosion protection is assessed by neutral salt spray testing according to ISO 9227. The natural color grade is used where color consistency is not critical or where the final article is not exposed to strong ultraviolet radiation.
For automotive clips and spring coatings, the fine particle cut of VESTOSINT 2161 natural permits uniform coverage of complex geometries without bridging narrow gaps. Corrosion protection is validated by ISO 9227 and coating adhesion by cross-cut testing according to ISO 2409 after thermal cycling. The low equilibrium moisture uptake of PA12 prevents dimensional changes in humid engine compartments, while the coating resists oils, greases, and road salt solutions. Parts with high sharp-edge density require careful preheat profiling because thin edge sections can overheat and cause local sag in the same cycle that produces acceptable coverage on heavier sections.
Conveyor rollers and guide rails are powder-coated with natural PA12 to reduce noise and protect aluminum substrates from alkaline cleaning agents. Film builds of 150–300 µm are typical. Abrasion resistance is commonly measured by ASTM D4060 using a CS-10 wheel, 1 kg load, and 1000 cycles, although published data for this specific grade under those exact conditions is limited. The low coefficient of friction of PA12 is beneficial in sliding contact, but unfilled natural grade does not provide the enhanced tribological behavior of graphite-containing VESTOSINT variants.
VESTOSINT 2161 natural should not be specified for continuous service above 100 °C under mechanical load without heat-aging validation according to ISO 188. The unpigmented grade can yellow when exposed to ultraviolet radiation; UV-stabilized or pigmented VESTOSINT grades are required for exterior weathering. Concentrated mineral acids, formic acid, and phenolic compounds degrade PA12; exposure limits should be determined by ISO 2812-1 immersion tests rather than by general chemical resistance tables. Powder storage should remain below 30 °C and 60% relative humidity with containers kept closed. When moisture pickup exceeds 0.2 wt%, drying at 80–85 °C for 4–8 h is required before use. The product is not optimized for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing; laser sintering grades have different particle morphology, thermal behavior, and melt flow characteristics.
