| HS Code | 366748 |
| Material | Polyamide 12 (PA12) |
| Appearance | Natural color, off-white powder |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Bulk Density | 400 g/L |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 170 °C |
| Particle Size | d50: 50 µm |
| Tensile Strength | 40 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 30% |
| Shore Hardness | 73 Shore D |
| Water Absorption | 1.0% at saturation |
| Coefficient Of Friction | 0.23 |
As an accredited Evonik VESTOSINT® 2159 natural color Polyamide 12 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Evonik VESTOSINT® 2159 natural color Polyamide 12 is supplied in moisture-protective, multi-layer packaging, with a standard quantity of 25 kg per bag. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL container loading of Evonik VESTOSINT® 2159 natural Polyamide 12: palletized bags, secured, dry, moisture-proof, safe for transport. |
| Shipping | Evonik VESTOSINT® 2159 natural color Polyamide 12 is shipped as a non-hazardous polymer powder in moisture-proof, multi-layer bags on pallets. Transport in clean, dry vans or containers, protected from humidity, rain, and excessive heat. Avoid ignition sources, as fine powder may form combustible dust. Handle with standard dry-cargo equipment. |
| Storage | Store VESTOSINT® 2159 in its original, unopened container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and ignition. Keep the container tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination. Maintain temperatures below 25°C. Avoid dust accumulation and ensure good housekeeping. Refer to the Safety Data Sheet for detailed handling and disposal guidance. |
| Shelf Life | Evonik VESTOSINT® 2159 natural color Polyamide 12 has a shelf life of approximately 2 years when stored cool, dry, and in original sealed packaging. |
Carbon steel wire for dishwasher baskets is prepared by alkaline degreasing at 70–80°C for 5–10 min, rinsed, and grit blasted to ISO 8501-1 Sa 2½ with a surface profile of 40–60 µm. Residual phosphate from conversion coatings is avoided because phosphate on the blast surface can reduce wetting of the molten PA12 film during fusion. The basket is preheated in a recirculating convection oven to 300–350°C. Soak time is set by wire diameter: a 4 mm wire reaches uniform coating temperature in 8–12 min; a 6 mm wire requires 12–16 min. The hot basket is dipped into a fluidized bed of VESTOSINT 2159 natural PA12 for 2–5 s. The powder has a nominal d50 of 5 µm and a bulk density near 0.45 g/cm³, which produces consistent pickup under fluidizing air with a dew point below -20°C. Initial fusion occurs at 176–180°C; the molten film coalesces to 250–400 µm on wire surfaces and heavier at intersection nodes. Residual heat is used for post-fusion at 190–210°C for 3–5 min to close pinholes and improve edge coverage. The part is cooled in still air to below 80°C before handling. Moisture in the powder above 0.1% causes microbubbles at the substrate interface; powder recovered from the baghouse is blended with virgin material at 70:30 by mass to control fines below 1 µm. Field data from conveyorized dishwasher basket lines show pinhole density increases when fluidizer bed pressure drops below 0.8 bar or when the dip angle is vertical without oscillation.
Pinholing in electrostatic sprayed VESTOSINT 2159 natural on AISI 304 stainless steel wire racks arises from back ionization above 80 kV, accumulation of powder fines below 3 µm on the electrode tip, and substrate moisture released during preheat. Medical rack fabrications are usually pickled and passivated; passivation residues must be removed by alkaline washing because chromium oxide layers can reduce adhesion. The dry, bare rack is preheated to 220–250°C in a forced-air oven. Powder is supplied through a Venturi pump with fluidizing air at 1.5–2.0 bar, output air at 0.5–0.8 bar, and charging voltage 60–80 kV. Film thickness is maintained at 150–250 µm for instrument trays and sterilization baskets. After deposition, the substrate thermal mass holds the coating above 180°C for 2–4 min; thin wire below 3 mm requires a post-heat of 190–210°C for 5 min. Wire mesh openings below 25 mm show Faraday cage deficiencies unless the gun-to-target distance is reduced to 150–200 mm and the spray angle is varied through 45°. Adhesion on grit-blasted or acid-passivated surfaces is checked to ASTM D3359-17 class 4B before release. Salt spray resistance to ISO 9227 NSS is commonly specified at 500 h for 200 µm film on AISI 304; published data for VESTOSINT 2159 on electropolished medical stainless steel is limited.
Rotational lining of ductile iron ball valve bodies with VESTOSINT 2159 natural PA12 requires the part surface to be preheated to 280–320°C in a forced-convection oven before powder charging. The powder mass is calculated at 150–200% of theoretical wall mass for a target lining thickness of 2–5 mm and a melt density of 1.01 g/cm³. The part rotates biaxially at a 4:1 ratio for 20–40 min, depending on section thickness. The natural color grade contains no curing agent and requires no post-cure; cooling after consolidation is controlled with compressed air below 80°C to avoid shrinkage voids at bosses. Process conflicts occur when the oven setpoint exceeds 320°C: the powder at the air interface can oxidatively degrade before the inner layer reaches fusion temperature, producing yellow-brown inclusion specks in the natural coating. Below 280°C the inner surface may remain granular because the wall temperature does not reach 176°C. Chemical dosing applications use PA12 linings where resistance to aliphatic hydrocarbons, dilute mineral acids, and alkaline cleaning agents is required; immersion resistance is not universal and must be tested to ISO 175 for the specific chemical, concentration, and temperature. Continuous immersion above 50°C in strong acids is outside the typical operating window. The lining is spark tested at 5 kV/mm thickness to detect pinholes after cooling, following NACE SP0188 for new lining systems. Production experience shows wall thickness variance of ±10% at the flange face and ±15% inside the port when rotation speed is not adjusted to part geometry.
Comparative process parameters for VESTOSINT 2159 natural across four coating methods are summarized below.
| Coating method | Preheat or oven range | Film thickness | Post-fusion | Critical restriction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluidized bed dip | 300–350°C | 250–400 µm | 190–210°C for 3–5 min | Powder moisture below 0.1%; fluidizer air dew point below -20°C |
| Electrostatic spray | 200–250°C | 150–250 µm | 190–210°C for 2–5 min | Faraday cage on mesh openings below 25 mm |
| Rotational lining | 280–320°C oven | 2–5 mm | No post-cure | Rotation ratio 4:1; wall variance ±15% without feed adjustment |
| Flame spray | 150–180°C substrate | 200–400 µm per layer | 180–200°C soft flame pass | Humidity below 80%; substrate temperature above 40°C |
Automotive seat belt guides molded from glass-reinforced PA66 receive a 120–200 µm film of VESTOSINT 2159 natural by electrostatic spray after preheating to 200–230°C. The PA12 coating is used where stick-slip noise against PC/ABS seat structure is specified by the OEM; friction is evaluated by ASTM D1894 sled method using a contact area of 40 cm² and a load of 5 N, with article-specific pass criteria. The substrate is degreased and lightly flame plasma treated; heavy surface carbon from injection molding must be removed before coating because carbon contamination reduces film adhesion to class 3B in ASTM D3359-17. Film thickness below 120 µm is not specified for ribbed underside features because abrasive contact removes the film in accelerated wear testing. At nominal thickness, scratch resistance is checked by ISO 1518-1 with a 0.75 mm stylus; published numerical values for VESTOSINT 2159 on filled PA66 are limited and article-specific validation is required before PPAP. Heat aging of coated parts at 120°C for 1000 h is used by some tier suppliers to detect oxidative embrittlement, although the natural grade may yellow slightly at these temperatures. The absence of pigmentation avoids heavy-metal colorants and permits direct compliance with EU RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II at the raw material level.
Pipe flange assemblies for offshore topside service are coated with VESTOSINT 2159 natural as loose assemblies to avoid damage to raised face sealing areas during fit-up. This creates an uneven heat sink compared to single spool pieces, and it is the primary source of film thickness variation. The assembly is blast cleaned with chilled iron grit to ISO 8501-1 Sa 2½ and profile 40–65 µm. The flange is preheated to 320–340°C; the bolt flange body acts as a heat sink, so oven soak time must be extended by 20–30% compared to the same mass as pipe. Electrostatic spray is preferred over fluidized bed dip because immersion traps powder between the raised face and the ring joint, producing bridging defects. The coating is applied in two passes to a dry film thickness of 350–750 µm on the flange hub and 250–350 µm on the bolt circle. After deposition, the assembly is post-fused at 190–210°C for 10–15 min and cooled slowly in still air to reduce residual stress. Salt spray testing to ISO 9227 NSS with 1000 h exposure is not automatically satisfied by the raw material; it depends on film thickness, surface preparation, and edge coverage. Adhesion failure at the flange edge is a known field mode when powder is sprayed from a single direction; rotating the assembly at 5–10 rpm during application reduces edge pullback. The natural PA12 film is dielectric tested at 5 kV/mm before storage in marine atmosphere.
The compliance and test matrix for articles coated with VESTOSINT 2159 natural is summarized below.
| Standard/test method | Property | Data/requirement | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 1183-1 | Density | 1.01 g/cm³ | Supplier typical data |
| ASTM D3418-21 | Melting point | 176–180°C | Second heating scan |
| ISO 8130-13 | Particle size d50 | 5 µm | Laser diffraction |
| ISO 8501-1 | Surface preparation | Sa 2½ with profile 40–65 µm | Grit blasting |
| ASTM D3359-17 | Cross-cut adhesion | Class 4B–5B on grit-blasted steel | Article-specific |
| ISO 9227 | Neutral salt spray | 500–1000 h at 200–300 µm | Published data for VESTOSINT 2159 on untreated steel is limited |
| FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 | Food contact | Nylon 12 resin listing | Manufacturer compliance statement required |
| EU 10/2011 | Food contact plastic | Specific migration limit for laurolactam 5 mg/kg | Finished article testing required |
Flame spray application of VESTOSINT 2159 natural is used for large storage tank shells and support saddles where oven preheating of the whole structure is impractical. The substrate is grit blasted to ISO 8501-1 Sa 2½ and preheated locally to 150–180°C with the flame gun before powder feed begins. A PA12 powder with d50 of 5 µm is fed at 20–40 g/min through a flame spray gun using an acetylene-air mixture. The flame temperature is adjusted to leave the molten particle surface at 180–220°C; higher flame temperature accelerates oxidative degradation of the natural color grade and causes yellowing. Pass overlap of 30–50% and a standoff of 200–300 mm produce a film of 200–400 µm per layer. Multiple layers are applied to reach 600–1000 µm for tank shell protection in C4 environments per ISO 12944-2. The sprayed layer is not cured; post-heat at 180–200°C with a soft flame seals surface porosity. Spark testing at 5 kV/mm and pull-off adhesion testing to ISO 4624 with a minimum burst stress of 5 MPa on blast-prepared steel are used as acceptance criteria. Field records from tank maintenance show that substrate surface temperature below 40°C or relative humidity above 80% produces blistering after the first thermal cycle; flame spray is therefore halted outside these limits.
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Evonik VESTOSINT 2159 natural is a polyamide 12 (PA 12) coating powder manufactured by precipitation polymerisation of laurolactam and supplied without carbon black or colour pigments. The material is specified for dry-blend fluidised-bed dipping, electrostatic spray deposition, and minicoating processes in which a semicrystalline thermoplastic barrier is applied to degreased and pretreated metal components. Typical industrial uses include dishwasher basket racks, automotive spring clips, cable carriers, and wire goods where the coating must withstand repeated thermal cycling, hot detergent exposure, and mechanical abrasion without losing edge coverage. The natural colour allows post-colour matching or in-line optical inspection of film uniformity, and the grade designation VESTOSINT 2159 identifies a specific particle size distribution and rheological profile within the Evonik VESTOSINT PA 12 powder platform. Physical and thermal specifications are reported against DIN EN ISO 3146, ISO 1183-1, and ISO 60, with fused-film tensile properties evaluated under ISO 527-2 and ISO 868. The powder does not require accelerator or curative addition and has no mixed-material pot life under dry storage conditions below 40 °C.
Storage and handling of VESTOSINT 2159 natural influence electrostatic transfer and film formation because the polyamide 12 surface is hygroscopic. Moisture pickup above 0.5 % by mass, measured by ISO 15512, reduces the charge-to-mass ratio and may produce spits or pinholing during reflow. The powder is stored in sealed containers below 40 °C and processed in a climate-controlled booth at 40–60 % relative humidity. When opened containers remain in high-humidity areas above 60 % RH, pre-drying at 80 °C for 4–6 h in a desiccant dryer with a dew point of -30 °C or lower is recommended to restore flowability. Screen classification of agglomerates before charging prevents film defects in thin-film electrostatic applications.
The crystalline melting range of VESTOSINT 2159 natural is published as 176–180 °C according to DIN EN ISO 3146. The deposition process is controlled not by a screw barrel temperature but by the heat capacity of the metal insert, the convection oven set point, and the interval between powder contact and post-heating. Commercial PA 12 fluidized-bed lines typically preheat plain-carbon steel parts between 260 °C and 400 °C depending on section thickness. Thin wire goods below 2 mm reach the upper melt range within 3–5 min in a convection oven operating at 300 °C, whereas thick-section clamps may require 8–12 min at 350 °C to avoid under-fusion at the substrate interface. After dipping, adhered powder is post-heated at 200–230 °C for 2–5 min to complete coalescence and reduce void content below 0.5 % in the film cross-section when evaluated by optical microscopy. If the substrate temperature falls below 240 °C before powder contact, incomplete melting produces orange-peel surface roughness and reduced interfacial adhesion. If the substrate exceeds 400 °C, oxidative discolouration and chain scission are observed, with a measurable reduction in elongation at break under ISO 527-2. Oven profiling with the actual part is required because published data for this grade under every substrate geometry are limited. Adhesion is normally verified by ISO 4624 pull-off testing after an initial screening of pre-treatment conditions such as phosphatising, zinc phosphate, or surface blasting.
Rheological characterisation of PA 12 coating melts shows shear-thinning behaviour. The melt viscosity is sufficiently high to avoid sag on vertical surfaces during reflow, yet low enough at 200–230 °C to flow into fine features under capillary pressure. Published zero-shear viscosity curves for VESTOSINT 2159 natural are lot-dependent, and in-line verification with a rotational rheometer is recommended when the powder is used for parts with deep grooves or fine wire intersections.
Compared with polyamide 6 coating powders, VESTOSINT 2159 natural absorbs less moisture because the PA 12 backbone carries a lower amide group density. The water uptake after 24 h immersion at 23 °C is typically below 1.0 % by mass under ISO 62, whereas PA 6 coating grades are commonly specified at 2.5–3.0 %. The lower water uptake limits swelling in close-tolerance assemblies and reduces humid-service depression of the glass transition. The melting point of 176–180 °C permits lower preheat and reflow temperatures than PA 6, which melts above 220 °C and can impose higher energy loads on continuous powder lines. Compared with epoxy/polyester thermosets, the PA 12 system has no cure reaction, no mixed-material pot life limit, and defective films can be reworked by reheating above the crystalline melt and stripping or reflowing the layer. The trade-off is a lower continuous-use temperature ceiling, typically below 120 °C for loaded PA 12 service, and lower surface hardness than cross-linked epoxies.
| Property | Typical value | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Polymer base | PA 12 | — |
| Colour | Natural | — |
| Melting range | 176–180 °C | DIN EN ISO 3146 |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ | ISO 1183-1 |
| Bulk density | 0.45 g/cm³ | ISO 60 |
| Particle size d50 | 55–80 µm | ISO 13320-1 |
| Tensile modulus | 1700 MPa | ISO 527-2 |
| Tensile strength at yield | 45 MPa | ISO 527-2 |
| Elongation at break | >200 % | ISO 527-2 |
| Shore D hardness | 70 | ISO 868 |
| Vicat softening temperature, B/50 | 160 °C | ISO 306 |
| Water absorption, 24 h | 0.7 % | ISO 62 |
The through-thickness morphology of the fused layer depends on cooling rate. Rapid quenching from the melt favours the gamma crystal form, which reduces modulus and increases elongation, while slow cooling favours the alpha form and raises modulus. Differential scanning calorimetry under ISO 11357-3 measures the melting enthalpy and detects incomplete crystallisation after post-heating. In fluidized-bed processing, controlled forced-air cooling after reflow is commonly used to obtain a ductile morphology. The addition of coloured masterbatch or external pigments should be validated for crystallinity shift and flowability because particulate additives change tribocharging and melt viscosity.
VESTOSINT 2159 natural is supplied as a free-flowing powder with particle size distribution measured by laser diffraction under ISO 13320-1 and bulk density per ISO 60. The published median particle diameter is typically 55–80 µm, which is compatible with both tribostatic and corona charging equipment. For electrostatic spray, powder humidity above 0.5 % by mass reduces transfer efficiency because absorbed water layers on the particle surface lower the charge-to-mass ratio; pre-drying at 80 °C for 4–6 h in a desiccant dryer is recommended if the material has been stored outside sealed containers above 60 % relative humidity. Deposition rate and film thickness are controlled by voltage, air flow, gun distance, and gun pattern; a 60–120 µm single-pass layer is commonly applied before reflow at 200–230 °C. Built-up film thickness in the range of 150–400 µm is evaluated with ISO 2808 using magnetic induction or destructive wedge-cut methods.
In immersion coating lines for dishwasher baskets, the PA 12 layer is exposed to alkaline detergents at 65–75 °C, rinse aids, and intermittent steam. The chemical resistance of VESTOSINT 2159 natural is governed by the semicrystalline PA 12 matrix and can be evaluated by mass and thickness change after immersion under ISO 175. Testing with individual detergent formulations is required because concentrated oxidising agents and glycol ethers can plasticise or craze the film; the grade is not specified for continuous exposure to strong mineral acids above 25 °C. The natural colour provides optical contrast for inspection of film uniformity but does not contain UV stabilisers for prolonged outdoor exposure. For automotive spring clips and battery cable brackets, the PA 12 coating provides low-noise cushioning and galvanic insulation; adhesion to zinc–nickel and phosphate substrates is dependent on grit blasting and degreasing. Pull-off adhesion values above 15 MPa are obtained under ISO 4624 on properly prepared steel in some production trials, but published adhesive strength data for VESTOSINT 2159 natural are limited.
Regulatory status is end-use dependent. The PA 12 base polymer falls within FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 for nylon resins in contact with food under conditions of use, but the finished coated article must be tested for overall migration under EN 1186-1 when used in EU food-contact applications. The RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU applies to the coated assembly rather than the powder alone; the base PA 12 polymer is not a source of the six restricted heavy metals, but pigments and additives must be confirmed through the safety data sheet. Under REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006, the PA 12 base polymer is exempt from registration as a polymer, while imported monomers and additives remain subject to registration. These statements do not constitute regulatory clearance; compliance for a specific finished article must be evaluated by the manufacturer.
| Framework | Applicable requirement | Reference/Standard |
|---|---|---|
| REACH | PA 12 base polymer exempt from registration as a polymer; additives restricted | EC 1907/2006 |
| RoHS | Base PA 12 does not contain Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr(VI), PBB, or PBDE above threshold; verify finished coated article | 2011/65/EU |
| US food contact | PA 12 may be used for food contact under conditions of use; migration testing required | FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 |
| EU food contact | Overall migration and specific migration of laurolactam to be evaluated in final article | EU 10/2011, EN 1186-1 |
When a spring clip line converts from an epoxy dip coating to VESTOSINT 2159 natural, the post-cure step is eliminated because the PA 12 layer solidifies by crystallisation rather than crosslinking. The rework path is different: a defective epoxy layer must be burnt off or mechanically removed, whereas a miscoated PA 12 part can be reheated to 220–250 °C in a recirculating oven and stripped or reflowed, reducing scrap in low-volume cell manufacturing. The conversion requires recalibration of the preheat profile because PA 12 melts at 176–180 °C, lower than the cure onset of many epoxy systems, and because the melt viscosity remains higher than the low-viscosity stage of an epoxy cure. In electrostatic booths, transfer efficiency for the PA 12 powder is more sensitive to relative humidity than for epoxy because the polyamide backbone is hygroscopic; booths should maintain 40–60 % RH and grounded hanger resistance below 1 MΩ per IEC 61340-5-1. The continuous-use temperature of the PA 12 layer should not exceed 120 °C under load, and exposure to aromatic solvents in service is limited compared with cross-linked epoxy.
