| HS Code | 396240 |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Tensile Modulus | 1600 MPa |
| Tensile Strength At Yield | 50 MPa |
| Elongation At Yield | 4% |
| Elongation At Break | >50% |
| Charpy Unnotched Impact Strength 23 C | No break |
| Charpy Notched Impact Strength 23 C | 5 kJ/m² |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 0 45 Mpa | 150 °C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 1 8 Mpa | 55 °C |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 160 °C |
| Water Absorption 24 H | 0.2% |
As an accredited EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 25 LM PA12 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Packaged in 25 kg moisture-proof sealed bags, Grilamid® L 25 LM PA12 pellets ensure safe handling and preserved properties during transport and storage. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL container loaded with palletized Grilamid® L 25 LM PA12, secured and protected for safe maritime transport. |
| Shipping | EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 25 LM PA12 is supplied as moisture-sensitive granules in sealed, airtight packaging. Ship in dry, ventilated containers to prevent condensation. Store away from heat, direct sunlight, and incompatible substances. No special transport classification required; handle with standard industrial hygiene practices. |
| Storage | Store Grilamid® L 25 LM PA12 in its original, sealed packaging in a cool, dry environment, ideally below 30°C. Protect from moisture, direct sunlight, and UV radiation. Avoid exposure to extreme heat or open flames. Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and ensure consistent processing properties. |
| Shelf Life | Store unopened in original, dry, cool packaging. Shelf life is typically two years from delivery date. |
Where diesel fuel feed and vapour return lines are coextruded as multilayer structures under bonnet thermal loads from −40°C to 120°C, Grilamid L 25 LM serves as the outer structural layer and, in carbon-black-loaded form, as the inner dissipative layer that prevents electrostatic charge accumulation at fuel velocities above 2 m/s. The compliance envelope for automotive fuel system tubing is defined by SAE J2260 for permeation-resistant nonmetallic fuel system tubing, ISO 527-2 and ASTM D638-14 for tensile and elongation parameters, and DIN 73378 for dimensional stability after thermal ageing. In production compound records, the outer layer is based on 100 parts Grilamid L 25 LM with 0.3–0.8 phr hindered phenol stabilizer and, only when cold impact below −40°C is specified, 5–10 phr benzenesulfonamide plasticizer; the inner conductive layer uses 8–15 wt% conductive carbon black dispersed in a PA12 base, with the upper limit set by film-gate freeze-off in thin-walled sections and the lower limit by surface resistivity above 106 Ω/sq after thermomechanical ageing. Processing is carried out on coextrusion lines with primary extruder L/D 30:1 and barrier screws, melt temperatures held between 230°C and 260°C, gear pump discharge pressure below 350 bar, and spiral mandrel die tooling followed by vacuum calibration at −0.3 bar to −0.6 bar; corrugation and in-line leak testing are typically downstream, and tie-layer extruders run 5–20°C hotter than the PA12 extruders to promote interlayer adhesion without destabilising the barrier layer. Terminal product forms are diesel feed lines, fuel vapour return lines, fuel tank vent tubes, and push-to-connect fitting bodies. The main line conflict is the plasticiser threshold: above 10 phr, low-temperature kink resistance improves but burst pressure retention after 1,000 h at 100°C can fall below SAE J2260 minimum values, while below 5 phr, the −40°C impact energy drops sharply; this cliff-edge is managed by controlling interlayer adhesion through tie resins and by limiting melt residence time to under 8 min to suppress oxidative gel formation.
In truck trailer pneumatic systems, the failure mode that dominates service life is not steady pressure but cyclic flexing at coupling ends, where tubing is forced to bend repeatedly at ambient temperatures that can fall below −40°C. The relevant compliance standards are SAE J844 for nonmetallic air brake tubing and ISO 7628 for thermoplastic air braking system lines, with supplemental creep testing under ISO 899-2 at 70°C and 4 MPa hoop stress. Formulation records for Grilamid L 25 LM in this segment show 100 parts resin, 7–12 phr benzenesulfonamide plasticiser, 2–3 wt% carbon black for UV protection and pigment dispersion, and 0.2–0.5 phr process stabiliser; the plasticiser range is narrower than in less demanding pneumatic hose because SAE J844 requires burst pressure retention above 1.2 MPa at 23°C and no cracking after cold impact. Extrusion lines are configured with single-screw extruders of L/D 25:1 to 30:1, barrel zone profile set progressively between 220°C and 250°C, melt temperatures 230–250°C, vacuum sizing at −0.4 bar, in-line dimensional monitoring by laser gauge, and continuous inkjet marking; coil winding uses constant-tension spoolers to prevent heat-set ovality. Typical finished products are tractor-to-trailer air lines, suspension levelling lines, and brake chamber supply tubes. The production control issue is plasticiser migration during long runs: at melt temperatures above 250°C, volatilisation shifts the effective plasticiser content downward by 0.5–1.0 phr within 6 h, increasing Shore D hardness from 58 to 63 and reducing low-temperature kink resistance; below 230°C, discharge pressure rises and pipe melt fracture appears on the inner bore. Batch-to-batch variance in plasticiser absorption of ±0.5 phr is sufficient to shift the −40°C impact pass/fail boundary, so incoming resin lots are pre-screened with torque rheometry before release to extrusion.
Braid-reinforced catheter shafts produced from Grilamid L 25 LM are processed in ISO 13485-certified cleanrooms where the resin is predried to below 0.08 wt% moisture and extruded through multi-zone single-screw extruders of L/D 24:1 to 30:1 with melt temperatures 225–250°C. For body-visible or fluoroscopy-visible lumens, 10–25 wt% barium sulfate radiopacifier is added; below 10 wt%, radiopacity is insufficient for 0.35 mm guidewire negotiation, while above 25 wt%, tensile elongation under ISO 527-2 decreases and microcracks propagate in thin-wall sections after braiding. Depending on device classification, the final device is evaluated under ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-5 for cytocompatibility, and USP Class VI after sterilisation by ethylene oxide or gamma radiation at 25–40 kGy. The downstream process typically involves mandrel-free extrusion of multi-lumen tubing, stainless steel wire over-braiding at 45–80 picks per inch, and outer jacket reflow or over-extrusion; production equipment includes precision gear pumps, laser diameter gauges, and closed-loop wall-thickness controls capable of holding ±0.02 mm on a 1.5 mm outer diameter. Terminal products are guide catheter shafts, microcatheter outer jackets, and minimally invasive delivery tube components. The operational boundary is moisture regain: if dried resin is held in unsealed hopper conditions above 60% RH for more than 30 min, surface hydrolysis increases intrinsic viscosity loss and can cause lumen ovality to drift beyond ±0.02 mm. Published data for radiopaque Grilamid L 25 LM in braid-reinforced multi-lumen configurations is limited; each device lot therefore undergoes validation of post-sterilisation mechanical properties before release.
Loose tube buffer extrusion for optical fibre cables imposes post-extrusion shrinkage requirements below 1.0% after 85°C water soak because cable attenuation rises when buffer tubes contract around splices in closure baskets. Reference standards are IEC 60794-1-2 for optical fibre cable mechanical testing and Telcordia GR-409-CORE for single-mode cable construction, with shrinkage measured in 2 m tube samples under the specified thermal soak. In compounding, Grilamid L 25 LM is processed with 0.2–0.5 phr hindered phenol antioxidant and 1–2 wt% colour masterbatch for fibre count coding; where shrinkage control is critical, 0.5–1.5 wt% nucleating masterbatch is added to refine spherulite size and shift crystallisation to a narrower temperature band. Extrusion is run on precision single-screw machines with L/D 28:1, gear pump closed-loop control, melt temperature 220–250°C, and dual-stage water cooling: first trough at 20–30°C to set tube diameter, second trough at 60–80°C to complete crystallinity before coiling. The most common production defect is post-coiling shrinkage reversal caused by residual amorphous orientation when line speed exceeds 80 m/min; this is detected by in-line shrinkage testing every 2 h and corrected by raising the first trough temperature by 2–5°C or lowering haul-off tension. Finished products are loose tube colour-coded fibres for direct burial, duct, and aerial FTTH distribution cables. Published data for this specific grade in dry-buffer designs is limited; loose tube applications require verification of gel compatibility and buffer tube collapse resistance under IEC 60794-1-2 compression tests.
During hydrostatic ageing and hydrolysis resistance screening, subsea umbilical outer sheathing evaluations for Grilamid L 25 LM are run against long-term seawater exposure at 4–20°C and internal hydraulic fluid temperatures that can reach 60°C in shallow-water tiebacks. The governing standards are API 17E for subsea umbilicals, API 17J for unbonded flexible pipe, and ISO 13628-5 for subsea control systems, with polymer qualification commonly aligned to NORSOK M-710 for non-metallic materials in sour service. Production compounds for the outer sheath use 100 parts Grilamid L 25 LM, 2–3 wt% furnace black for ultraviolet and thermal stabilisation, 0.5–1.0 phr HALS photoantioxidant, and 0.5–1.5 phr hydrolysis-resistant stabiliser; no plasticiser is used because plasticiser extraction in seawater would reduce jacket hardness and increase creep under installation tension loads. The extrusion line is a high-output single-screw extruder with L/D 30:1 to 33:1, melt temperature 240–280°C, screen pack filtration at 800–1,200 µm to trap carbon black agglomerates, and water cooling in subdivided troughs to avoid void formation in walls above 3 mm. Finished components are subsea hydraulic control tubing sheaths, chemical injection line outer jackets, and umbilical outer sheaths for remote operated vehicle intervention lines. The major production boundary is extrusion residence time: carbon black dispersion improves with longer mixing but melt residence above 10 min at 280°C accelerates oxidative chain scission, producing surface microcracks that are unacceptable under API 17E coating qualification. In addition, exposure to hot amine-based corrosion inhibitors above 60°C can reduce molecular weight through transamidation, so compatibility with inhibitor packages must be confirmed prior to umbilical design freeze.
Migration-controlled formulations for food-processing compressed air and potable water distribution lines based on Grilamid L 25 LM are selected only when both FDA and EU food-contact criteria are met in the final extruded or moulded article. The regulatory baseline is FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 for polyamide articles intended for food contact and EU Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 with overall migration below 10 mg/dm² in the final article; specific suitability for fatty or alcoholic food simulants is tested under EN 1186-1 and EN 13130-1. The production compound is kept to 100 parts Grilamid L 25 LM, 0.2–0.5 phr approved heat stabiliser, and 1–2 wt% food-contact blue or clear colour masterbatch where colour coding is required; plasticiser is excluded unless the specific substance is listed with a migration limit in EU 10/2011. Tubing and fittings are processed by single-screw extrusion with melt temperatures 225–245°C and injection moulding at 230–260°C with multi-cavity quick-connect tooling; vacuum sizing and internal air sizing produce a smooth bore with a surface roughness Ra below 1.5 µm to resist biofilm attachment in compressed air lines. Terminal product types are food-grade compressed air hoses, beverage dispense lines, and water filter connection tubes. An operational boundary is chemical incompatibility with high-ethanol fluid streams: repeated exposure to >20% ethanol at 60°C can swell the PA12 matrix and invalidate migration compliance in the final article; published data for this specific grade under ethanol-based simulants is limited, so final qualification must be performed on the extruded or moulded part rather than on raw resin.
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EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 25 LM PA12 is an unreinforced, medium-viscosity polyamide 12 supplied for injection moulding and extrusion. In dry-as-moulded condition, the grade exhibits a density of 1.01 g/cm³ when measured to ISO 1183-1 and a melting point of 178 °C by ISO 11357-3. Equilibrium moisture uptake at 23 °C and 50 % RH is reported near 0.7 % to ISO 62, while saturation uptake remains in the range of 1.4 % to 1.6 %. This molecular architecture places the amide group after a twelve-carbon aliphatic segment; the reduced density of hydrogen-bonding amide sites compared with PA6 or PA66 lowers water affinity, limits plasticization, and stabilizes electrical and mechanical properties under ambient humidity changes. The grade belongs to the EMS-GRIVORY L 25 series, with the LM suffix associated in manufacturer nomenclature with internal lubrication and mould-release behaviour rather than glass or mineral reinforcement. No flame-retardant modification is present.
Because the dodecanamide repeat unit of PA12 contains one amide linkage per 12 carbon atoms, whereas PA6 and PA66 contain one amide linkage per 6 carbon atoms in the repeat unit or monomer. Under ISO 62 equilibrium at 23 °C/50 % RH, unreinforced PA6 typically absorbs 2.5 % to 3.0 % moisture, PA66 2.0 % to 2.5 %, while PA12 remains near 0.6 % to 0.8 %. This lower equilibrium moisture content reduces the depression of the glass transition temperature and lowers the dimensional expansion associated with humid service. For the same nominal wall thickness, a PA12 part can exhibit approximately half to two-thirds less hygroscopic growth than an equivalent PA6 part; drying before processing still remains mandatory. Saturated water absorption also controls long-term dielectric stability, but PA12 is not a hydrolytically inert polymer. Continuous exposure to hot water or aqueous glycol mixtures above 100 °C can still reduce molecular weight through hydrolysis; hydrolysis-stabilized grades or design derating should be specified for such conditions.
Tensile measurements on dry-as-moulded specimens to ISO 527-1/-2 place the tensile modulus in the range of 1400 MPa to 1600 MPa. Yield stress is typically 42 MPa to 48 MPa, yield strain 5 % to 6 %, and nominal strain at break above 50 %. The notched Charpy impact falls near 6 kJ/m² at 23 °C and remains above 4 kJ/m² at -30 °C under ISO 179-1/1eA. These values define the grade as ductile but not as a load-bearing replacement for mineral- or glass-reinforced PA12 grades. The following property bands are representative of published manufacturer data; lot-specific certificates should govern design calculations.
| Property | Test Method | Typical Range |
|---|---|---|
| Density | ISO 1183-1 | 1.01–1.02 g/cm³ |
| Equilibrium moisture, 23 °C/50 % RH | ISO 62 | 0.6–0.8 % |
| Saturated water absorption | ISO 62 | 1.4–1.6 % |
| Tensile modulus | ISO 527-1/-2 | 1400–1600 MPa |
| Yield stress | ISO 527-1/-2 | 42–48 MPa |
| Nominal strain at break | ISO 527-1/-2 | >50 % |
| Notched Charpy, 23 °C | ISO 179-1/1eA | 5–8 kJ/m² |
| Notched Charpy, -30 °C | ISO 179-1/1eA | 4–5 kJ/m² |
| Melting point | ISO 11357-3 | 175–178 °C |
| Vicat softening temperature B50 | ISO 306 | 160–170 °C |
| Deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa | ISO 75-2/B | 115–125 °C |
| Melt volume rate, 275 °C/5 kg | ISO 1133-1 | 15–25 cm³/10 min |
| Mould shrinkage, free linear | ISO 294-4 | 0.7–1.1 % |
| Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 23–55 °C | ISO 11359-2 | 110–130 × 10⁻⁶/K |
Dimensional tolerance simulations should include both processing shrinkage and hygroscopic growth. For a 100 mm free linear dimension, changing from dry to equilibrium at 50 % RH can produce growth on the order of 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm for unfilled PA12; this is lower than PA6 growth typically above 0.2 mm but remains a first-order design input. Post-mould conditioning at 23 °C/50 % RH for 24 h to 48 h is common before dimensional audit. Moisture effects also change impact and stiffness; tensile modulus can decrease by 10 % to 20 % at equilibrium moisture compared with dry-as-moulded values.
Rotational and capillary rheometry indicates that the LM-modified grade remains a medium-flow PA12 rather than a high-flow variant. In ISO 1133-1:2022 testing at 275 °C/5 kg, the melt volume rate stays in the 15 cm³/10 min to 25 cm³/10 min band. The internal lubricant primarily alters ejection force and dynamic coefficient of friction rather than producing a high-flow material. For gears and sliding elements, moulded surfaces may show lower stick-slip tendency than the unmodified base resin, but prototype wear testing under application-specific load and speed is required because published data for this specific configuration is limited at high PV values.
Pre-drying in a desiccant dryer at 80 °C for 4 h to 6 h with a dew point below -30 °C is required before injection moulding or extrusion. Residual moisture by Karl Fischer analysis should be below 0.10 %. If material is exposed to ambient air above 60 % RH for more than 2 h, surface moisture pick-up can exceed 0.15 %, causing splay, gas checks, and a measurable reduction in tensile elongation. Melt temperature should be held in the 230 °C to 270 °C interval; the lower region is suitable for thin-wall parts and hot-runner production, while the upper region is used for thick sections and high-speed screw recovery. Mould temperatures from 30 °C to 100 °C shift the crystallization rate and the resulting shrinkage distribution. A mould temperature of 60 °C to 100 °C improves part flatness and dimensional stability but increases cycle time. The grade can be processed on standard three-zone injection screws with compression ratios between 2.5:1 and 3.0:1; hot-runner systems should avoid dead spots because residence times above 10 min at 270 °C can initiate yellowing and molecular weight reduction. For extrusion, screw lengths of 30D to 36D with gradual compression and screen packs of 60/80/100 mesh are typical, although published data for this specific configuration is limited.
Material handling on production scale should be dry-air closed-loop with a feed throat maintained below 60 °C. In twin-screw compounding or masterbatch dilution, L/D ratios between 36:1 and 44:1 are used for dispersion of colourants, but the melt should not be exposed to temperatures above 280 °C even for short periods. Batch-to-batch variation in medium-viscosity PA12 commonly appears as MVR shifts; a melt viscosity audit at incoming inspection reduces variation in pack pressure, gate freeze, and hot-runner balance.
Immersion testing in ISO 1817 reference fluids is often used to benchmark seals and connectors. In aliphatic hydrocarbons, volume swell after 72 h at 23 °C generally remains below 2 %, while aromatic hydrocarbons or ketones can exceed 5 % and should be validated or avoided. The material is attacked by concentrated mineral acids, phenols, formic acid, strong oxidizing agents, and some chlorinated solvents. These boundary conditions limit use in industrial chemical pumps and severe oxidizing environments.
When the tool surface is held below 30 °C, the melt freezes quickly and the crystalline skin remains underdeveloped. This condition can lower the effective density and introduce a metastable morphology that post-crystallizes at service temperatures above 40 °C, producing volumetric shrinkage of up to 0.2 % to 0.4 % and loss of tight-tolerance fit in connectors or valve bodies. Parts moulded cold also tend to show higher surface orientation, higher frozen-in stress, and a wider scatter in Charpy impact. For components with clearance fits below 0.1 mm, mould temperature should be maintained at 60 °C or higher; shorter cooling times are not a valid reason to drop the tool temperature because downstream dimensional drift can exceed the design allowance. If rapid cycle times are required, conformal cooling or higher heat-transfer tool steels should be considered. In multi-cavity production, cavity-to-cavity temperature variation above ±5 °C can produce measurable differences in free linear shrinkage between cavities under ISO 294-4.
In fuel system connectors, pneumatic push-fit fittings, quick couplings, cable ducts, and corrugated tubing, acceptance criteria commonly include low water absorption, dimensional stability, and stress-cracking resistance against aliphatic media. PA12 L 25 LM is also used in injection-moulded fasteners, clips, bearing cages, pump components, and low-noise gears operating at moderate surface speeds. For cable sheathing and jacketing, the low density reduces cable mass while maintaining low-temperature ductility; outdoor exposure may require UV-stabilized or carbon-black-coloured compounds if the natural or light-coloured grade is not stabilized. The unreinforced nature limits tensile modulus; applications requiring stiffness above 3000 MPa should use glass-filled PA12 grades or alternative glass-reinforced PA6/PA66 with appropriate moisture compensation.
Hot-plate, ultrasonic, laser, and spin welding can be applied to L 25 LM parts, but internal lubricant may deposit on the weld surface and reduce bond strength. Before welding, surfaces should be dry and free of mould-release agents; if necessary, isopropanol wiping should be used instead of solvent soaking. Laser welding requires adequate absorption; carbon-black or laser-absorbing additives cannot be assumed in natural grades. Joint strength should be validated by ISO 527-1 lap-shear or burst testing on the actual assembly.
Compared with PA11, PA12 has one additional methylene group in the repeat unit, giving slightly lower equilibrium moisture and density, but the two aliphatic polyamides occupy a similar application space. PA11 may be selected for higher elongation or specific bio-based feedstock requirements; PA12 is selected where lower density and lower saturated water uptake are critical. Compared with PA6 and PA66, L 25 LM has lower tensile modulus and lower high-temperature deflection but significantly better dimensional stability in humid environments and lower processed density. Against glass-filled PA12, L 25 LM offers higher elongation, lower melt viscosity, lower modulus, and lower density but cannot match the short-term stiffness and heat-deflection performance of reinforced grades. The following comparative table provides indicative dry-as-moulded data for unfilled materials.
| Property | L 25 LM PA12 | Unfilled PA11 | Unfilled PA6 | Unfilled PA66 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density, ISO 1183-1 | 1.01–1.02 g/cm³ | 1.03–1.05 g/cm³ | 1.13–1.14 g/cm³ | 1.13–1.14 g/cm³ |
| Saturated water absorption, ISO 62 | 1.4–1.6 % | 1.8–2.1 % | 8.5–10 % | 7.5–9 % |
| Tensile modulus, ISO 527-1/-2 | 1400–1600 MPa | 1100–1300 MPa | 2600–3200 MPa | 2700–3500 MPa |
| Notched Charpy, 23 °C, ISO 179-1/1eA | 5–8 kJ/m² | 7–12 kJ/m² | 5–10 kJ/m² | 4–6 kJ/m² |
| Deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa, ISO 75-2/B | 115–125 °C | 110–125 °C | 150–170 °C | 180–200 °C |
| Melting point, ISO 11357-3 | 175–178 °C | 185–190 °C | 220–225 °C | 255–265 °C |
Glass-filled PA12 grades typically raise tensile modulus to approximately 5000 MPa to 6000 MPa and increase heat-deflection performance, but reduce nominal strain at break to 2 % to 4 %. The LM designation should not be interpreted as a high-flow grade; when thin-wall filling becomes marginal, MVR should be confirmed against faster-flowing PA12 grades such as the L 16 or L 20 series instead of assuming that the internal lubricant will resolve short-shot conditions.
For replacement of metal fittings, PA12 L 25 LM offers reduced mass, lower water absorption, and resistance to aliphatic media, but lower stiffness and creep resistance. At 60 °C and 20 MPa tensile stress, creep strain can accumulate beyond 1 % within 100 h in unfilled PA12; high-load points require threaded or moulded-in metal inserts. The grade is not recommended for load-bearing structural parts requiring continuous stress at service temperatures above 80 °C without creep analysis.
Regulatory conformity for a finished PA12 component cannot be assumed from raw material classification alone. For food-contact applications, FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 sets conditions for nylons, and European (EU) No 10/2011 requires finished-article migration testing. For electrical equipment, compliance with RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU and REACH is generally addressed through the absence of intentionally added restricted substances in the base unfilled polyamide, but lot-level certification should be obtained. In medical device feasibility work, grade-specific documentation for ISO 10993-5 and ISO 10993-10 should be requested from EMS-GRIVORY or the compounder, because extractables and sterilization stability depend on moulding conditions, colourants, and post-processing. The dry-as-moulded property bands reported above are not design minima; safety factors must be applied for long-term creep, fatigue, chemical exposure, and ultraviolet service.
