| HS Code | 286066 |
| Material | EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 nat PA12 |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Tensile Modulus | 1650 MPa (dry, ISO 527) |
| Yield Stress | 45 MPa (dry, ISO 527) |
| Yield Strain | 30% (dry, ISO 527) |
| Elongation At Break | 200% (dry, ISO 527) |
| Charpy Notched Impact Strength 23 C | 11 kJ/m² (ISO 179/1eA) |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 1 80 Mpa | 50 °C (ISO 75-1/-2) |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 150 °C (ISO 306, 50°C/h, 50 N) |
| Water Absorption 24h | 0.4% (ISO 62) |
As an accredited EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat PA12 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat PA12 is supplied as natural granules in sealed 25 kg bags, packed on pallets. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: Grilamid® L 16 nat PA12 loaded as 25kg bags on pallets, ~18 metric tons, secured, dry, stable. |
| Shipping | Grilamid® L 16 nat PA12 ships as non-hazardous thermoplastic granules. Pack in sealed, moisture-proof bags or drums to prevent water absorption. Store in a cool, dry area away from heat and direct sunlight. Transport via standard freight; no special labeling required, but protect from mechanical damage. |
| Storage | Store Grilamid® L 16 nat in its original, sealed container in a cool, dry place. Keep away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and moisture, as PA12 absorbs water. Ideal temperature is below 30°C. Use within one year to ensure optimal processing and performance. |
| Shelf Life | Grilamid L 16 nat PA12 has an indefinite shelf life when stored dry, cool, and protected from UV light. |
Extrusion of EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat into heavy-duty truck and rail pneumatic brake tubing on a 30:1 L/D single-screw extruder requires drying the pellets below 0.05 wt% residual moisture before the melt reaches 220–235 °C; a desiccant dryer with a −20 °C dew point operating for 4–6 h prevents the hydrolytic degradation, wall-thickness oscillation, and internal surface roughness that otherwise appear after vacuum calibration. For SAE J844 air-brake tubing, the formulation baseline is 100 parts by weight (phr) of virgin PA12, with 1.0–2.5 phr processing-stabilizer masterbatch; where cold-flex testing at −40 °C is specified, 8–12 phr of a benzenesulfonamide plasticizer masterbatch is let down to a target Shore D of 63–68, and clean regrind is capped at 20 wt% because higher content shifts the ISO 1133-1:2022 melt volume-flow rate outside the supplier control window. The line uses a barrier screw with a 24:1 feed/compression/metering ratio, an 80/120 mesh screen pack, and a straight-through crosshead die; extrudate enters a vacuum calibration tank at 0.04–0.08 MPa negative pressure, followed by a 60 °C water bath, laser diameter gauge with closed-loop draw control, and cut-length coiling. Post-extrusion conditioning at 40 °C/50% relative humidity for 24 h stabilises dimensional change before ISO 7628-1:2010 marking and burst testing. Terminal product forms include coiled SAE J844 Type A and B tubing for truck-trailer pneumatic circuits, rail brake pipe validated under EN 45545-2 R22/R23 HL3, and compressed-air control lines rated for continuous working pressure of 1.2 MPa.
Unbonded flexible pipe pressure sheaths extruded from EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat are qualified under API Spec 17J, designed to ISO 13628-2:2006, and evaluated for hydrocarbon and acid-gas exposure under NORSOK M-710 and ISO 23936-1:2021. In sweet hydrocarbon service with continuous operating temperature up to 60 °C, the PA12 sheath is within the standard design envelope; published data for this specific Grilamid® L 16 nat formulation under sour-gas conditions are limited, requiring finished-pipe qualification per API Spec 17J rather than inference from generic PA12 values. The addition ratio is constrained by API Spec 17J: the layer is 100 phr virgin PA12 with 2.0±0.5 wt% carbon black masterbatch for ultraviolet and thermal ageing; production regrind is prohibited in the pressure sheath because repeated pellet processing shortens chain length and introduces hydrolytically weak end groups, and plasticizer masterbatch is omitted because low-molecular-weight plasticizer migration into permeated hydrocarbon phases causes dimensional swell and reduced creep modulus under sustained flexural load. Extrusion is carried out on a 45:1 L/D single-screw machine with barrier mixing sections and a spiral mandrel die sized to the carcass outer diameter, melt temperature held between 230 °C and 250 °C, and a gear pump placed after the screen changer to reduce pressure fluctuation to ±0.3 MPa; wall thickness is measured by eight-point ultrasonic gauging with a tolerance of ±10% of nominal per API Spec 17J. The process window is narrow: above 255 °C the melt degrades and melt volume-flow rate drifts upward, while below 225 °C the sheath shows incomplete interlayer adhesion. Cooling must be slow and uniform as the extrudate is pulled into a 75 °C water trough; rapid water quench induces frozen-in stress that becomes crack initiation under bending fatigue at minimum bend radius. Terminal finished product types include unbonded flexible flowlines, production risers, and jumpers installed subsea or on floating production, storage and offloading units.
Railway rolling-stock cable extrusion with EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat is specified where halogen-acid-gas generation must remain below IEC 60754-2 thresholds and where the finished cable construction must meet EN 50264-1 and EN 45545-2 fire-performance provisions; the raw polymer carries REACH registration data and is incorporated into cable compounds screened against Directive 2011/65/EU RoHS restrictions. The jacket compound is set at 100 phr PA12, with 0.5–1.5 phr phenolic antioxidant, 3–5 phr plasticizer masterbatch for cold flexibility, 0.2–0.4 phr processing aid, and 2–6 wt% colour masterbatch; the plasticizer level is held below 5 phr when low-temperature notch-sensitivity is not specified, because higher content reduces abrasion resistance in drag-chain applications. Sheathing is performed on a 25:1 L/D single-screw extruder with a pressure-compensated crosshead, melt temperature 215–235 °C, and water cooling at 45 °C; the die land length is maintained at more than 3:1 relative to the annular gap to control jacket concentricity and avoid shrink-back at connector terminations. Terminal finished product types include halogen-free locomotive control-cable jackets, robotic power-cable sheathing used in continuous flex operations, and industrial sensor cable outer layers requiring EN 50264-1 fire-retardant performance.
Pulverised EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat, classified to a particle-size distribution of 50–180 µm, is applied to metal components by electrostatic fluidised-bed dip coating or electrostatic spray; the coating process is controlled by ISO 8130-6 for gelling time and ISO 8130-8 for storage stability, while food-contact metal coatings are tested under FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 extraction limits if the final article is intended for kitchen use. The coating powder composition is 100 wt% PA12 resin, with 0.2–0.5 wt% fumed silica as dry-flow additive and 0.1–0.3 wt% antioxidant; no external filler is added, because mineral fillers raise melt viscosity and reduce edge coverage at sharp basket-wire intersections. The process requires preheating the metal substrate to 250–350 °C, dipping for 3–10 s in a fluidised bed with air dew point below −10 °C, and post-curing for 10–20 min at 180–200 °C to complete coalescence; film thickness is controlled at 200–400 µm by substrate heat capacity and dip time. Terminal finished product types include dishwasher baskets, refrigerator rack coatings, surgical instrument cleaning trays, and battery tray edge covers requiring electrical isolation and resistance to alkaline cleaning chemicals.
In microextrusion of non-implantable medical catheter shafts, EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat is processed at 210–230 °C using a 19 mm diameter, 24:1 L/D single-screw extruder under an ISO Class 8 cleanroom environment; the melt is filtered through a 40 µm screen pack to remove gels and agglomerates. The addition ratio is 100 phr neat PA12 for the shaft and hub, with 10–15 wt% barium sulfate radiopaque masterbatch when fluoroscopic visibility is required; plasticizer is not added for translumenal applications because low-molecular-weight plasticizer migration may fail ISO 10993-5:2009 cytotoxicity screening. Compliance must be established on the finished device under ISO 10993-1:2018, ISO 10993-5:2009, USP <87>/<88> Class VI, and sterilisation standards such as ISO 11135:2014 for ethylene oxide or ISO 17665-1:2006 for steam; the natural grade is not inherently a certified medical grade, and published biocompatibility data for this specific configuration are limited, so the end-user must validate the complete device. The tube is quenched in 40 °C water, pulled through a closed-loop laser micrometer, and annealed at 100 °C for 30 min to reduce post-extrusion shrinkage below 1% after 24 h at 23 °C. Gamma irradiation above 50 kGy lowers melt volume-flow rate and produces oxidative discolouration; steam at 121 °C for 20 min is acceptable only when dimensional stability requirements permit 1–2% ovality. Terminal finished product types include catheter delivery shafts, introducer jackets, and non-implantable drainage line segments.
Automotive fuel lines using EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat as an outer cover or tie-layer component are governed by SAE J2260, SAE J1645, and evaporative emission protocols under CARB LEV III; the final multilayer construction is qualified for permeation, tensile properties, and electrostatic discharge before release. The coextrusion formulation sets the PA12 outer layer at 100 phr virgin resin with 2–3 wt% carbon black masterbatch for outdoor UV stability and 0.5–1.5 phr heat-stabilizer masterbatch; the inner conductive PA12 layer receives 1–3 wt% carbon black to reduce surface resistivity below 10⁶ ohm/sq as required by SAE J1645. Coextrusion is performed on a five-layer spiral mandrel die with melt temperature 225–245 °C, combining an EVOH barrier layer, adhesion tie layers, and the PA12 outer cover; wall thickness is controlled to ±0.05 mm by multi-axis ultrasonic gauge feedback. The critical processing conflict is the narrow thermal window between EVOH barrier adhesion and PA12 hydrolysis: excessive melt residence time above 240 °C causes EVOH orange-peel melt fracture, while insufficient drying of PA12 leaving moisture content above 0.08 wt% produces bubble defects in the outer cover. Terminal finished product types include fuel feed and return lines, fuel filler neck covers for passenger vehicles, and motorcycle fuel tubing configured to meet CARB LEV III permeation limits.
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EMS-Grivory Grilamid® L 16 nat PA12 is an unreinforced, natural-colour polyamide 12 base resin supplied as cylindrical pellets. The dry-as-moulded density is 1.01 g/cm³ under ISO 1183. Tensile modulus, determined at 1 mm/min to ISO 527-1/-2, is 1400 MPa, with tensile stress at yield of 45 MPa and nominal elongation at break above 50%. The balance between aliphatic chain length and amide concentration produces equilibrium water absorption at 23°C saturation of 1.5% under ISO 62. By comparison, unfilled PA6 and PA66 absorb 9.5% and 8.5% respectively. The melting temperature, measured by differential scanning calorimetry to ISO 11357-1/-3, is 178°C. These values are typical dry-state quality data and should not be read as specification minima.
| Property | Test standard | Typical value |
|---|---|---|
| Density | ISO 1183 | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Water absorption, saturation at 23°C | ISO 62 | 1.5% |
| Tensile modulus | ISO 527-1/-2 | 1400 MPa |
| Tensile stress at yield | ISO 527-1/-2 | 45 MPa |
| Nominal elongation at break | ISO 527-1/-2 | >50% |
| Melting temperature | ISO 11357-1/-3 | 178°C |
Within the broader PA12 product range, viscosity selection is based on spiral-flow length, mould filling behaviour, and the risk of flashing on worn tooling. Unreinforced L 16 nat retains dry-state stiffness without the extractable contribution of monomeric plasticisers. Mould shrinkage measured after 48 h at 23°C according to ISO 294-4 is typically 0.8–1.2% parallel to flow and 1.0–1.4% perpendicular, depending on mould temperature and holding-pressure profile. Published data for flow-length comparison across all gate configurations is limited; spiral-flow testing at 240°C melt temperature in a 2.0 mm channel is a practical alternative for tool design.
Moisture uptake exerts a direct influence on dimensional stability in thin-walled annular parts. A dry PA12 component with wall thickness 2.0 mm exposed to 23°C and 50% RH generally reaches equilibrium moisture below 1.0%; linear strain from moisture swelling remains below 0.3% in unfilled PA12 grades. Under equivalent exposure, PA6 loses a larger fraction of dry-state modulus. Grilamid® L 16 nat shifts from 1400 MPa dry to 1100 MPa conditioned, a reduction of about 20%, while unfilled PA6 can fall from 3000 MPa to below 1200 MPa. This smaller swing is relevant for snap-fit closures, fluid connectors, and cable fasteners subject to condensation or road-spray wetting. Low-temperature behaviour is likewise linked to crystallinity and plasticiser-free formulation; unmodified PA12 grades retain notched Charpy impact values in the 5–7 kJ/m² range at -30°C under ISO 179-1/1eA, although published data for this specific configuration is limited and batch certification should be consulted for final design.
The chemical resistance of PA12 arises from the isolated amide functionality along a 12-carbon repeat unit. The reduced amide density, relative to PA6, suppresses hydrogen-bonding availability for polar penetrants. Chloride-induced stress cracking in polyamide components is commonly screened using a 50% aqueous zinc chloride solution at 23°C under controlled flexural strain. In comparative tests, short-chain polyamides can develop surface cracks within 24 h at 1% outer-fibre strain, whereas PA12 grades often withstand 168 h exposure without visible fissuring. Alcohol resistance follows a similar pattern for methanol and ethanol blends; PA12 exhibits lower mass uptake and higher retention of tensile elongation after immersion according to ISO 175. These characteristics orient L 16 nat toward automotive fuel-vapour lines, quick connectors, and pump components where mixed alcohol-hydrocarbon condensates contact the polymer. Specific rupture data for a given part geometry must be established by component testing under service load.
In humid service, the key difference is the magnitude of moisture-induced plasticisation. PA12 absorbs 1.5% water at saturation; PA6 and PA66 absorb 9.5% and 8.5%. Because water lowers the glass transition and disrupts interchain hydrogen bonds, the resulting drop in modulus is smaller in PA12. Dimensional change in high-precision parts is therefore easier to predict. Thermal differences also matter during assembly. The melting point of PA12 at 178°C is lower than that of PA6 at 220°C and PA66 at 260°C, which reduces heat input and allows processing on lower-temperature spooling or forming equipment. The lower density of 1.01 g/cm³ yields more parts per kilogram than PA6 at 1.13 g/cm³ or PA66 at 1.14 g/cm³. These distinctions are summarised in Table 2.
| Property | Test standard | Grilamid® L 16 nat PA12 | PA6 | PA66 | PA11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | ISO 1183 | 1.01 g/cm³ | 1.13 g/cm³ | 1.14 g/cm³ | 1.03 g/cm³ |
| Water absorption, saturation at 23°C | ISO 62 | 1.5% | 9.5% | 8.5% | 1.8% |
| Tensile modulus, dry | ISO 527-1/-2 | 1400 MPa | 3000 MPa | 3100 MPa | 1200 MPa |
| Melting temperature | ISO 11357-1/-3 | 178°C | 220°C | 260°C | 189°C |
For injection moulding, pellet preparation in a desiccant wheel dryer with dew point below -30°C is recommended at 80°C for 4–8 h. Residual moisture before plastication should be below 0.10%. A three-zone general-purpose screw with L/D 20:1 and compression ratio 2.5:1 is typically operated with a barrel profile of 220–240°C, 230–250°C, and 240–260°C from feed to nozzle; melt temperature measured by an immersion probe is held at 230–260°C. Mould surface temperature is set between 40°C and 80°C. On a clamp force of 400–1000 kN, starting injection pressure is commonly 60–90 MPa hydraulic, with hold pressure at 50–70% of peak injection pressure. These are starting parameters for unfilled PA12; gate geometry and flow length will shift the actual window.
If pellets are stored open at relative humidity above 60%, surface moisture can exceed 0.15% within 30 min. During plastication, the excess water reacts with amide bonds and reduces molecular weight. On a 500 kN toggle-clamp moulding machine, this hydrolysis is observed as screw-recovery time drift, shorter injection cushion, and splay at the gate. Batch-to-batch variation in pellet moisture therefore becomes a production bottleneck when hopper loaders are refilled without dry air blanketing. A desiccant dryer with dew point below -20°C and closed-loop material conveying is required to maintain moisture below 0.10%. If moisture is suspect, loss-on-drying at 100°C or Karl Fischer titration should be used to reject material above 0.12% before start-up.
In profile and tube extrusion, melt temperature is typically maintained at 230–250°C, with a screw designed for medium-viscosity polyamide at L/D 24:1 to 30:1. The die land length is set to 10–15 times the annular gap to promote orientation relaxation before calibration. Vacuum calibration tank water temperature between 20°C and 40°C is used to control crystallite size and residual stress. Rapid quenching below 20°C increases amorphous content and can improve flexibility but reduces dimensional stability in post-annealing. Slow cooling in air above 60°C increases crystallinity and raises stiffness but widens shrinkage tolerance. These trade-offs are determined by the downstream drawing ratio; typical draw balance for unreinforced PA12 tube is kept at 1.5:1 to 3:1 to avoid diameter fluctuation and out-of-roundness.
Automotive fluid connectors and pneumatic tubing made from unfilled PA12 are specified where low moisture uptake, controlled extractables under ISO 6427, and resilience at low ambient temperature are required. In fuel-vapour systems, PA12 is often coextruded as a cover layer with fluoropolymer barrier layers; the outer L 16 nat layer provides toughness and chemical resistance while the barrier limits permeation. For such multi-layer structures, the difference in melt viscosity between the PA12 cover and the barrier layer must be controlled within 10–15% of apparent shear rate on the extrusion line to avoid interfacial instability. The grade is also used in cable protection conduits where flexibility after conditioning is evaluated according to IEC 61386 or similar cable-management test methods. In all cases, the final component specification should be based on conditioned testing at the service temperature and humidity range, because dry-state data alone will not represent installed performance.
