| HS Code | 483815 |
| Material | EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 nat Nylon 12 |
| Condition | Dry |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Water Absorption 24h | 0.2% |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Glass Transition Temperature | 35 °C |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 140 °C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 1 8 Mpa | 50 °C |
| Tensile Modulus | 1600 MPa |
| Yield Stress | 40 MPa |
| Strain At Yield | 20% |
| Nominal Strain At Break | >50% |
| Charpy Impact Strength 23 C | No Break |
| Charpy Notched Impact Strength 23 C | 9 kJ/m² |
| Dielectric Strength | 30 kV/mm |
| Volume Resistivity | 1E12 Ohm·m |
As an accredited EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 nat Nylon 12, Dry factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 nat Nylon 12, Dry is supplied in 25 kg moisture-protective bags, ready for processing. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Load 20′ FCL: 25 kg PE bags on shrink-wrapped pallets, securely stowed and braced. Ensure dry conditions for Grilamid L 16 Nylon 12. |
| Shipping | Ship EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 nat Nylon 12, Dry in sealed moisture-barrier packaging to prevent water absorption. Keep containers protected from impact, direct sunlight, and high humidity. Standard ground freight is suitable; no hazardous goods classification applies. Store cool and dry, and handle with clean equipment to avoid contamination. |
| Storage | Store Grilamid L 16 in its original, tightly sealed container in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Keep the packaging closed when not in use to prevent moisture absorption, as nylon 12 is hygroscopic. Avoid exposure to humidity, and maintain moderate temperatures to preserve material properties. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is indefinite if stored dry, cool, and sealed in original packaging, protected from moisture and sunlight. |
In evaporative emission control systems subject to CARB LEV III and China 6 limits, polyamide 12 inner layers are selected because the aliphatic backbone provides a balance of hydrocarbon permeation resistance, low-temperature flexibility, and dimensional stability after repeated exposure to ASTM Fuel C at 60 °C. Grilamid L 16 nat, dried to a residual moisture content of ≤ 0.10 %, is processed as the barrier layer at a formulation addition ratio of 100 parts by weight neat resin. In a typical five-layer fuel line coextrusion, the conductive outer layer is compounded with 10–15 wt% conductive carbon black masterbatch in PA12, while the adjacent tie layer is formed of maleic anhydride–grafted polyethylene at 5–10 wt% of the total wall thickness. The downstream production process employs five barrier screw extruders with screw diameters of 30–45 mm and L/D ratios of 24–30; barrel temperature setpoints are maintained from 190 °C in the feed zone to 245 °C at the die head, with melt temperature recorded at 230–245 °C. Vacuum calibration is applied at −0.02 to −0.06 MPa, and post-extrusion surface treatment by fluorination or corona discharge raises surface energy to ≥ 40 mN/m for marking and coupling adhesion. Terminal product types include fuel feed lines, fuel return lines, and evaporative vapor hoses for gasoline, diesel, and ethanol-blended fuels. Relevant compliance standards are SAE J2260 for nonmetallic fuel system tubing, ISO 13775-2 for thermoplastic tubing and hoses for automotive fuel applications, and DIN 73378-1 for polyamide tubing systems; dimensional stability after heat ageing is verified at 125 °C for 168 h, while low-temperature impact resistance is evaluated at −40 °C.
Spiral-reinforced polyamide 12 air brake tubing manufactured from Grilamid L 16 nat is routinely extruded in outside diameters from 6 mm to 16 mm, with wall thicknesses of 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm, for heavy-duty truck and bus pneumatic circuits. The resin is dried in a closed-loop desiccant dryer to a residual moisture content below 0.08 wt% before entering a single-screw extruder with screw diameter 30–60 mm and L/D 24–30; barrel temperatures range from 210 °C at the feed section to 240 °C at the melt pump, while die head pressure is maintained between 8 MPa and 15 MPa. In this configuration the formulation uses neat Grilamid L 16 nat at 100 weight parts as the core polymer; no external plasticiser is added, and colour or UV stabilisation masterbatch is limited to 2–4 wt% to preserve pressure retention and cold impact. Downstream, the tube passes through a vacuum calibration tank at 30–50 °C, a haul-off with tension feedback, and an in-line spark test at 3 kV per 0.1 mm wall thickness to detect pinholes. Terminal products are used as air brake lines, suspension bellows feed lines, and pneumatic clutch servo tubing. Pertinent standards are SAE J844 for automotive nonmetallic air brake tubing and ISO 7628 for polyamide tubing in motor vehicles, with burst pressure testing executed at both room temperature and 100 °C according to the vehicle OEM test plan.
In offshore and marine cable sheathing, Grilamid L 16 nat is specified where the cable jacket must withstand low-temperature installation conditions, intermittent hydrocarbon contact, and repeated flexing without developing environmental stress cracks. The formulation addition ratio is 100 weight parts of dried PA12, with carbon black masterbatch at 1–2 wt% for UV resistance; flame-retarded variants require a separate non-halogenated additive package at 10–20 wt%, but published industrial data for this specific FR configuration of L 16 nat is limited, and full-scale fire testing is required. The downstream production process uses a cable sheathing extruder with screw diameter 45–90 mm and L/D 25–30, with barrel temperatures from 210 °C at the feed throat to 245 °C at the crosshead die; melt pressure is held at 8–15 MPa, and the sheathed core is cooled stepwise in water at 40–60 °C to avoid flattening of thin jackets. Terminal product types include offshore wind farm control cable sheaths, drag chain cables, and robotic power chain cables. Compliance verification is anchored to IEC 60092-351 for shipboard and offshore unit insulating materials, NEK 606 for hydrocarbon resistant submarine and offshore control cable, RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU, and REACH Regulation EC No 1907/2006 for chemical registration; when the jacket must pass a vertical flame test, the non-flame-retarded base grade is not considered compliant to IEC 60332-1 unless a validated FR masterbatch is incorporated and tested at full wall thickness.
Wiring harness clips injection-moulded from Grilamid L 16 nat are produced in multicavity tools with gating that fills from the hinge region to avoid weld lines at flex points. The resin is dried to ≤ 0.10 % moisture and processed in a hydraulic injection moulding machine with a screw L/D of 20–24, a melt temperature of 250–275 °C, and a mould temperature of 60–90 °C; injection pressure is held at 70–110 MPa with a holding pressure of 60–80 MPa. The formulation loading is 100 weight parts neat PA12; where high ejection efficiency is required, 0.1–0.3 wt% of a montanic ester release agent may be incorporated. Regrind from runners is limited to ≤ 20 wt% for clips that require snap-fit retention and low creep. Mechanical validation follows ISO 527-2 for tensile properties, ISO 179-1/1eA for notched Charpy impact, and ISO 75-2 method A for heat deflection under 1.8 MPa, with flammability classification commonly reported as UL 94 HB at wall thicknesses above 1.5 mm. Terminal product types include cable clips, fuel line retainers, sensor brackets, and ECU connector housings for engine bay and chassis use; components exposed to continuous temperatures above 110 °C should be evaluated for creep deformation because unmodified PA12 does not provide the same heat ageing margin as semi-aromatic grades.
A single-screw extrusion line processing Grilamid L 16 nat for medical catheter shaft applications requires closed-loop desiccant drying to ≤ 0.08 wt% residual moisture and direct vacuum draw at −0.03 to −0.06 MPa to prevent bubble formation in thin walls. The formulation addition ratio uses the neat resin at 100 weight parts; where radiopacity is required, barium sulfate is added at 15–25 wt% or tungsten at 20–30 wt%, with the L 16 nat functioning as the carrier matrix. No phthalate plasticiser is required because PA12 retains flexibility through low equilibrium moisture uptake rather than external flexibilisers. The downstream production process utilises an extruder with screw diameter 16–25 mm and L/D 24, melt temperatures from 210 °C to 240 °C, screw speeds from 10–40 rpm, and die head pressure of 8–15 MPa; multi-lumen tubing is formed through precision dies and vacuum sizing rings, with in-line ultrasonic or laser diameter gauging. Terminal product types include diagnostic catheter shafts, fluid management tubing, and surgical instrument insulators. For biocompatibility, the device manufacturer is responsible for validation under ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-5 for cytotoxicity, and ISO 10993-10 for sensitisation, with USP Class VI testing under USP <88> required for patient-contact claims; published data for long-term implant configurations using this specific natural grade is limited, and resin approvals must be reviewed against the final device file and ISO 13485 quality system controls.
Industrial monofilament extrusion from Grilamid L 16 nat begins with moisture control to ≤ 0.10 % and melt filtration through 25–40 µm candle filters to eliminate gel particles from the natural polymer. The formulation addition ratio is 100 weight parts of dried PA12, with hydrolysis stabiliser added at 0.5–1.0 wt% for wet-end paper machine conditions and UV stabiliser at 0.3–0.8 wt% where the mesh is exposed to direct sunlight. The downstream production process uses a single-screw extruder with screw diameter 30–45 mm and L/D 24–28, melt temperature 220–245 °C, and a water quench bath controlled at 40–60 °C; hot drawing is executed at ratios of 3.5:1 to 5.0:1 across heated godets, followed by 5–10 % relaxation in a steam or hot-air zone to reduce residual shrinkage. Terminal product types include spiral wires for paper machine clothing, filter mesh for solid-liquid separation, and reinforcement monofilaments for high-pressure hydraulic hose braiding. Compliance anchors include ISO 527-2 for tensile characterisation of extruded test pieces, ISO 4892-2 for UV weathering when outdoor service is specified, REACH Regulation EC No 1907/2006, and RoHS 2011/65/EU for restricted substance documentation; hydrolysis resistance is confirmed by tensile retention after immersion in water at 80 °C for 500 h, with acceptance windows defined by the end-user paper machine fabric specification.
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EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 nat Nylon 12, Dry is an unfilled, natural-colour polyamide 12 base resin supplied in a controlled-moisture condition for injection moulding and extrusion. The product is polymerised from laurolactam and has an aliphatic backbone with 12 carbon atoms per amide group, producing lower amide-group density than PA6 or PA66. Published datasheets list a density of 1.01 g/cm³ by ISO 1183, a melting point of 178 °C by ISO 11357-1/-3, and saturation water uptake of 1.5% by ISO 62 after immersion in 23 °C water. Equilibrium moisture uptake at 23 °C and 50% RH is approximately 0.8%. Typical uses include pneumatic and hydraulic tubing, automotive fluid lines, cable sheathing, clips, and technical components requiring low-temperature ductility and dimensional stability under humidity variation.
The “Dry” designation refers to a supply condition rather than a polymer modification. The pellets are dried and packaged in moisture-proof liners so that residual moisture at first opening is controlled below 0.10% by weight. This permits direct processing without predrying only while the packaging remains intact and hopper residence is short. If the liner is left open or the product is transferred to non-dried hoppers, the grade reabsorbs atmospheric moisture. The dry condition differs from standard PA12 grades sold without controlled residual moisture, and it differs from the natural colour designation, which indicates the absence of pigmentation.
For polyamide 12, melt-phase hydrolysis becomes significant when moisture exceeds 0.10% to 0.15% by weight. The manufacturer’s published processing guidance for Grilamid L 16 nat specifies predrying at 80 °C for 4–6 h in a dehumidifying-air dryer when residual moisture has risen above 0.10%. The dryer should maintain a dew point of -30 °C or lower. Drying air temperature should not exceed 80 °C because prolonged exposure to higher temperatures can cause pellet agglomeration and oxidative yellowing of the natural resin.
On production-scale injection moulding machines with clamp forces from 600 kN to 2,500 kN, moisture above 0.15% appears as splay, gas streaks, and reduced melt viscosity. The viscosity loss shifts the injection pressure window, particularly in thin-wall cavities below 1.5 mm, and increases the risk of flash, stringing, and dimensional variation. In unopened moisture-proof packaging, batch-to-batch residual-moisture variation is stated by the manufacturer as not exceeding 0.10%. Once the liner is opened in a non-climate-controlled hall, hopper moisture can approach ambient equilibrium within 8–24 h, depending on relative humidity and temperature.
The following representative values are drawn from published dry-as-moulded and conditioned data for the unreinforced natural grade. Conditioned values refer to equilibrium at 23 °C and 50% RH.
| Property | Standard | Unit | Dry | Conditioned |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | ISO 1183 | g/cm³ | 1.01 | — |
| Water absorption, saturation in 23 °C water | ISO 62 | % | 1.5 | — |
| Melting point | ISO 11357-1/-3 | °C | 178 | — |
| Tensile modulus | ISO 527-1/-2 | MPa | 1100 | 800 |
| Tensile stress at yield | ISO 527-1/-2 | MPa | 45 | 40 |
| Tensile strain at yield | ISO 527-1/-2 | % | 5 | 15 |
| Nominal strain at break | ISO 527-1/-2 | % | >50 | >50 |
| Charpy notched impact at 23 °C | ISO 179/1eA | kJ/m² | 5 | 7 |
| Heat deflection temperature A 1.80 MPa | ISO 75-1/-2 | °C | 50 | — |
| Heat deflection temperature B 0.45 MPa | ISO 75-1/-2 | °C | 120 | — |
At -30 °C the notched Charpy value remains near 4 kJ/m², which is one reason the grade is specified for clips and tubing exposed to cold impact. The heat deflection temperature of 50 °C at 1.80 MPa by ISO 75-1/-2 confirms that the unreinforced grade is not a high-temperature structural material. Vicat softening temperature B50 is approximately 160 °C by ISO 306. The tensile modulus of 1100 MPa dry falls to 800 MPa after conditioning; this 27% reduction is smaller than the modulus loss observed in unreinforced PA6 after moisture uptake but remains design-relevant for load-bearing ribs and snap-fits.
Mould shrinkage for the natural grade is generally reported in the range of 0.8% to 1.2% depending on wall thickness, gate geometry, and hold pressure. The shrinkage is not isotropic; values in the flow direction usually differ from transverse values. Processors should establish cavity-specific shrinkage factors using ISO 294-4 before cutting steel, because the low modulus and high strain at break of PA12 make shrinkage sensitive to packing time and mould temperature.
Because the amide-group density is lower than PA6 or PA66, the grade absorbs less moisture and retains dimensions more predictably in humid environments. Saturation water uptake of 1.5% by ISO 62 compares with roughly 9.5% for unreinforced PA6 and 8.5% for unreinforced PA66. This difference reduces hygroscopic swelling and the associated change in mechanical properties. The penalty is stiffness: the dry tensile modulus of 1100 MPa is far below the 3000 MPa to 3200 MPa typical of dry unreinforced PA6 and PA66. The PA12 grade is therefore selected for flexibility, cold impact, chemical resistance, and stable dimensions at equilibrium moisture, not for high load-bearing rigidity.
Processing differences are equally significant. The melting point of 178 °C permits melt temperatures of 230–250 °C in injection moulding, whereas PA66 generally requires melt temperatures near 285–300 °C. This lower energy input reduces thermal degradation risk and allows co-extrusion or overmoulding with heat-sensitive substrates. It also means continuous-use temperature is lower; unfilled PA12 is generally not recommended for dry-heat service above approximately 100 °C for extended periods without heat stabilization.
On hydraulically clamped injection moulding machines with clamp forces from 600 kN to 2,500 kN, a reverse-taper or open nozzle is preferred because the melt exhibits lower viscosity than glass-filled grades. The cylinder profile is commonly set from 220 °C in the feed zone to 245 °C at the nozzle, with published melt-temperature guidance of 230–250 °C and mould wall temperature of 40–60 °C. Higher mould temperatures up to 80 °C improve crystallinity and surface gloss but extend cycle time; lower mould temperatures shorten cycle time but may produce post-mould shrinkage if parts are removed before crystallisation is sufficiently complete.
| Processing parameter | Unit | Published range |
|---|---|---|
| Predrying temperature | °C | 80 |
| Predrying time | h | 4–6 |
| Maximum residual moisture | % | 0.10 |
| Melt temperature, injection moulding | °C | 230–250 |
| Mould temperature | °C | 40–60 |
| Melt temperature, extrusion | °C | 220–240 |
The hold-pressure profile should be adjusted to gate freeze, not viscosity alone. Because L 16 is lower in viscosity than L 20 or L 25, the gate-freeze time is shorter in thin sections, and the holding-pressure window narrows. Injection speed is usually moderate; excessive shear can raise melt temperature and cause surface defects, while insufficient speed may lead to short shots in thin tubing manifolds.
In pipe and tube extrusion, the grade is processed on single-screw extruders with L/D 24:1 to 30:1 and grooved feed sections to stabilize solids conveying. Published melt-temperature guidance is 220–240 °C. Melt pressure fluctuations should be maintained below 5% of the set value; larger fluctuations in grooved-barrel lines are commonly traced to moisture uptake, hopper bridging, or inconsistent feedstock temperature. A screen pack of 60–100 mesh is typical for melt homogenization and contamination control. Vacuum sizing and water cooling are employed for tube dimensions; cooling water temperature should be controlled because PA12 crystallinity and post-shrinkage are sensitive to quench rate.
When the grade is used as a tubing inner layer in multi-layer fuel lines, it is usually co-extruded with a barrier polymer such as EVOH or a fluoropolymer tie layer. The 178 °C melting point allows a melt-temperature window compatible with these barrier materials, but residence time at melt temperature should be kept below 10 min where possible. Formation of gels or black specks in the melt indicates local thermal degradation, often from oversized screw channels or hot spots in the barrel. The unfilled natural grade should not be processed above 280 °C.
The suffix L 16 denotes a medium-viscosity PA12 position in the Grilamid L portfolio. Lower numerical suffixes such as L 16 are intended for injection moulding and thin-wall part filling, while higher-viscosity grades such as L 20 and L 25 are used where higher melt strength is needed for tube extrusion and blow moulding. The difference is rheological rather than chemical: the base polymer is still PA12, but molecular weight and melt viscosity are higher in L 20 and L 25. A higher-viscosity grade resists draw-down during tube sizing, while L 16 fills narrow ribs and snap-fit features more easily. For applications requiring both high melt strength and thin-wall filling, the processor must select either a viscosity compromise or a modified grade with rheology adapted for the process.
For sliding or snap-fit components, the grade provides low noise and low friction against steel, but wear data are counterface-dependent. Published coefficients of friction vary with finish, load, and velocity; no single design value should be used without pin-on-disc or application-specific testing. The absence of internal lubrication in L 16 nat means that heavily loaded wear parts often require a modified, internally lubricated, or reinforced grade.
Dimensional changes after moisture uptake are smaller than PA6 or PA66 because the saturated water uptake is 1.5%. In practice, a PA12 part conditioned from dry to 23 °C and 50% RH can show linear growth below 0.3%, while unreinforced PA6 may grow by several times that amount. This is one reason the grade is used for precision clips and cable connectors in humid environments, but the same part will still undergo some growth after leaving the mould; final inspection after conditioning is recommended for tight tolerances.
The natural unfilled grade is normally rated UL 94 HB at 1.6 mm; flame-retarded or reinforced grades are necessary where UL 94 V-0 or structural modulus above 3000 MPa is required. The dry natural condition does not by itself establish food-contact, medical, or potable-water compliance. Final-article testing to EU 10/2011, USP Class VI, or application-specific standards is required for those markets. The resin is generally resistant to aliphatic hydrocarbons, oils, greases, and many solvents, but it is not suitable for prolonged contact with strong mineral acids, oxidizing media, or hot polar solvents such as concentrated formic acid. Outdoor exposure of natural PA12 can lead to surface discoloration and embrittlement; black or UV-stabilized grades should be specified for long-term weathering to ISO 4892-2.
