| HS Code | 110307 |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Tensile Modulus Conditioned | 700 MPa |
| Tensile Stress At Yield Conditioned | 35 MPa |
| Elongation At Break Conditioned | 200 % |
| Charpy Notched Impact Strength 23 C Conditioned | 8 kJ/m² |
| Charpy Unnotched Impact Strength 23 C Conditioned | No break |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 0 45 Mpa | 140 °C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 1 80 Mpa | 55 °C |
| Water Absorption Saturation | 1.3 % |
| Water Absorption Equilibrium At 50 Rh | 0.7 % |
As an accredited EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 LM Nylon 12, Conditioned factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | 25 kg sealed polyethylene-lined paper bags, moisture-protected, labeled with product name, batch number, and handling precautions. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL loaded with conditioned Grilamid L 16 nylon 12, securely packed, containerized for efficient transport. |
| Shipping | Ship Grilamid L 16 LM Nylon 12, Conditioned as a non-hazardous thermoplastic resin. Protect from moisture, direct sunlight, and excessive heat. Use sealed original packaging or dry containers. Standard ground freight is acceptable; avoid condensation during transit. Keep dry and cool until processing. |
| Storage | Store Grilamid L 16 LM in its original, tightly sealed container in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and moisture. Keep the conditioning state stable; reseal immediately after use. Avoid exposure to humidity and extreme temperatures to prevent degradation. Use within the manufacturer’s stated shelf life. |
| Shelf Life | Store in original sealed packaging in a cool, dry place. Shelf life is typically two years from manufacture date. |
Industrial application sectors for EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 LM conditioned are limited to conversion routes where polyamide 12 feedstock is processed on production-scale extrusion and injection moulding lines. Formulation ratios cited below are converter-side masterbatch additions unless otherwise noted; the base resin is not supplied as a compounded preparation. Processing moisture targets, barrel profiles, and downstream annealing steps are based on published processing guidelines for conditioned polyamide 12 and must be supplemented by machine-specific validation. Resin certificate moisture and melt viscosity values take precedence over generic published tables. The conditioned state refers to moisture-adjusted packaging intended to reduce equilibrated toughness variation, not to replace closed-loop drying before melt conversion.
Compounding of conditioned Grilamid L 16 LM for industrial pneumatic control lines is conducted on a 30 mm single-screw extruder with L/D 30:1, a barrier screw fitted with a Maddock mixing section, barrel profile 210–235°C, and die melt temperature 238–246°C. Feed throat temperature is held at 40–60°C to prevent granule bridging. Material is dried in a desiccant dryer at 80°C for 4–6 h to ≤0.08% residual moisture because the conditioned packaging state does not exempt the resin from pre-extrusion drying; residual moisture above 0.12% produces surface porosity and lowers melt strength at the sizing sleeve. Converter-side additions are metered by gravimetric feeders at 1.5–2.5 wt% carbon black masterbatch for UV stabilization, 0.2–0.5 wt% heat stabilizer masterbatch, and 0.1–0.3 wt% processing lubricant masterbatch. External plasticizer addition above 2 phr is avoided for 10-bar pneumatic service because plasticizer migration reduces fitting retention force and raises pressure-dependent creep. Tube outside diameters range from 4 mm to 12 mm with wall thickness 0.6–1.5 mm; the line uses a vacuum sizing tank at −0.25 bar to −0.55 bar, water temperature 20–30°C, and haul-off speed 15–50 m/min. In-line dual-axis laser gauges control OD and ovality, while a closed-loop vacuum pump adjusts sleeve vacuum to maintain roundness. Production-scale variation in gear pump inlet pressure greater than 2% correlates with wall-thickness drift at the haul-off and should trigger automated line-speed correction. Compliance verification for finished control tubing follows ISO 14743 for push-in fitting retention and ISO 8573-1 class 2:2:1 for compressed air quality. Mechanical acceptance after conditioning uses ISO 527-1:2019 tensile specimens and ISO 868 Shore D determination; specific modulus and hardness limits are set by converter drawing and burst-pressure capability rather than by fixed catalog values. Terminal products are coiled continuous stock and cut lengths for automation cells, pick-and-place actuators, valve islands, and pneumatic pilot lines.
In five-layer fuel vapour return coextrusion, Grilamid L 16 LM conditioned is used for the inner fuel-contact and outer protective layers while an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer barrier layer is positioned between two adhesive tie layers. Layer thickness ratios are typically 0.20–0.30 mm inner PA12, 0.08–0.12 mm tie, 0.10–0.15 mm EVOH, 0.08–0.12 mm tie, and 0.35–0.55 mm outer PA12. Converter-side formulation for the outer layer includes 2.0–2.5 wt% UV-stabilized carbon black masterbatch, 0.3–0.5 wt% phenolic/phosphite heat stabilizer, and 0.1–0.3 wt% fluoropolymer-free processing aid. The inner layer receives 0.2–0.4 wt% heat stabilizer without carbon black because carbon black migration into fuel-contact surfaces complicates evaporative emission certification. Drying to ≤0.08% residual moisture at 80°C for 4 h precedes melt conversion; the conditioned state reduces moisture gradients between the outer and inner PA12 layers and helps prevent localized viscosity depression that causes melt instability at the feedblock. Each layer is delivered by a dedicated single-screw extruder with L/D 30:1 and grooved feed section, and each melt stream is metered through a gear pump before entering the five-layer spiral mandrel die. Melt pressure at gear pump inlet is maintained between 2 MPa and 6 MPa; any layer imbalance above 0.2 MPa at the feedblock triggers automatic shutdown to prevent core shift. Extruder barrel temperatures for PA12 are 220–240°C; the die is held at 240–250°C to match the lower-viscosity tie layer. Vacuum sizing follows with a closed-loop ultrasonic wall measurement system controlling outside diameter to 8.0 mm ±0.1 mm. Post-extrusion annealing in 70–80°C water for 30–60 s reduces frozen-in orientation that otherwise permits fitting leak after thermal cycling between −40°C and 125°C. Interfacial peel failures observed on production lines are most frequently traced to a melt viscosity mismatch greater than 20% between the PA12 outer layer and the adhesive tie layer, not to residual moisture within the conditioned feedstock. Compliance verification is performed under SAE J2260 and DIN 73378; final assemblies are submitted to pressure impulse, cold impact, and fuel permeation tests specified by the vehicle platform. Terminal product types include 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm outside-diameter fuel vapour return lines with integrally moulded quick-connect ends. The operational boundary is methanol-blended fuel above 15%; such fuels require barrier-layer reformulation and cannot be approved from PA12 swelling data alone.
Catheter shaft extrusion for minimally invasive delivery systems uses conditioned Grilamid L 16 LM dried at 80°C for 4–6 h to ≤0.08% moisture and processed on a 25 mm single-screw extruder with L/D 30:1, melt pump, and 0.8–3.0 mm crosshead die. Converter-side formulation for radiopaque shafts typically contains 20–30 wt% barium sulfate masterbatch dispersed in PA12, 0.05–0.15 wt% processing aid, and 0.2–0.4 wt% heat stabilizer; tungsten-filled compounds are not substituted without revalidating melt viscosity and catheter tip bonding. Melt pump suction pressure is held at 1–3 MPa across the screen pack, die melt temperature at 220–235°C, and the extrudate is quenched in a water trough at 20–35°C before passing through a laser OD gauge and cut-to-length unit. Closed-loop vacuum calibration is not applied in this catheter shaft process; free extrusion into a water quench is used to avoid bore collapse at low wall thickness. Wall thickness is maintained at 0.10–0.25 mm for shafts of 0.8–3.0 mm OD; line speeds between 10–60 m/min are determined by maximum ovality, which is commonly specified at ±0.03 mm on outer diameter. Biocompatibility is evaluated by the finished device manufacturer under ISO 10993-1 and, where required for patient-contact devices, USP Class VI protocols; the base resin shipment alone does not constitute a certified finished medical device. Terminal product types include catheter outer shafts, introducer sheaths, and steerable guide-catheter subcomponents where the PA12 layer provides kink recovery after repeated bending.
For loose-tube sheathing of outdoor fibre optic cables, conditioned Grilamid L 16 LM is processed through a pressure crosshead die with drawdown ratio 1.5–2.5:1 to control tube inside diameter without collapsing the gel-filled fibre bundle. Converter-side formulation includes 2.0–3.0 wt% carbon black masterbatch for UV stabilization, 0.05–0.10 wt% antioxidant masterbatch, and 0.05–0.15 wt% processing aid; filler levels above 3 wt% are excluded because die drool accumulates at the guider tip and creates periodic wall-thickness defects. Guider tip setback is set at 0.2–0.5 mm from the die land to compensate for PA12 die swell and maintain fibre-loose slack. The extruder is a 35 mm single-screw with L/D 30:1, barrel temperatures 200–230°C, and die melt temperature 225–240°C. Tube outside diameters are 1.8–3.0 mm with wall thickness 0.18–0.30 mm, each containing 12–24 optical fibres. Production line speeds of 80–200 m/min require water trough temperatures of 25–45°C and a downstream annealing stage at 60–80°C to reduce post-extrusion shrinkage that would otherwise attenuate fibre slack. Compliance is verified under IEC 60794-1-21 mechanical test methods for crush and tensile loading, with final cable attenuation change measured by the cable maker according to IEC 60793-1-40. Terminal products are gel-filled loose-tube cores, dry-core microduct cables, and fibre-to-the-antenna distribution tubes.
Injection moulding of quick-connect fuel couplings from Grilamid L 16 LM conditioned requires a closed-loop desiccant drying system capable of reaching 0.06–0.10% residual moisture at 80°C for 4 h; the conditioned packaging state lowers initial moisture but does not eliminate the need for drying. Moulding is performed on a hydraulic injection moulding machine with clamp force from 800 kN to 2,500 kN, melt temperature 235–255°C, mould temperature 40–80°C, injection pressure 90–120 MPa, hold pressure 60–70 MPa, screw back pressure 0.5–1.0 MPa, and screw surface speed 0.2–0.4 m/s. Hold-pressure switchover is set by screw position at 2–3 mm before final cushion to prevent over-packing gates on hot-runner tools. Converter-side formulation includes 0.1–0.3 wt% mould release masterbatch, 0.3–0.5 wt% heat stabilizer masterbatch, and 0.05–0.15 wt% nucleating agent; glass fibre reinforcement is omitted because snap-fit retention and fuel-swelling recovery depend on ductile elongation rather than stiffness. Mould shrinkage is measured after 24 h per ISO 294-4 and typically falls between 0.8% and 1.5% depending on wall thickness and mould temperature. Dimensional capability studies on production-scale multi-cavity tools show that mould temperature variation greater than ±10°C across the cavity block is a more frequent cause of batch-to-batch leakage failure than resin lot shifts. Compliance verification for couplings used in fuel systems follows SAE J2044 for quick connector performance; final assemblies are subjected to pressure decay, temperature cycling from −40°C to 125°C, and pull-off force testing on the platform-specific connector geometry. Terminal products are fuel line quick connectors, vapour return connectors, sensor retainer clips, and harness routing clips. The operational boundary is continuous exposure to methanol-containing fuel above 15%; such conditions require coupling-level validation because PA12 swelling behaviour changes with fuel composition.
On commercial vehicle air brake tubing lines, conditioned Grilamid L 16 LM is extruded at nominal outside diameters of 6.4 mm (1/4 in), 9.5 mm (3/8 in), and 12.7 mm (1/2 in) with wall thicknesses from 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm. The converter-side formulation contains 2.0–2.5 wt% carbon black masterbatch, 0.3–0.5 wt% heat stabilizer, and 0.1–0.2 wt% internal lubricant masterbatch; external plasticizer is not added because brake-line dimensional stability under sustained service air pressure of 0.8–1.0 MPa is part of the qualification envelope. A 45 mm single-screw extruder with L/D 30:1, barrier screw, melt pump, and spiral mandrel die is operated with barrel temperatures 220–240°C and die melt temperature 235–245°C. Melt pump suction pressure is capped at 10 MPa; screen pack changes are triggered at differential pressure above 6 MPa. Vacuum sizing at −0.30 bar to −0.60 bar and water cooling at 20–35°C are followed by ultrasonic wall measurement and in-line inkjet printing of SAE J844 Type A markings. Production haul-off speed is governed by brake-line dimensional tolerance and typically ranges from 15 m/min to 45 m/min. Compliance verification is conducted under SAE J844 Type A for non-reinforced thermoplastic air brake tubing, including cold impact at −40°C, heat ageing at 100°C, oil resistance, and burst pressure. Terminal products are trailer air brake lines, suspension levelling lines, cab tilt control lines, and transmission shift air lines.
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EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 16 LM Nylon 12, Conditioned, is an unreinforced low-viscosity polyamide 12 (PA12) injection moulding grade evaluated after equilibrium moisture uptake at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity in accordance with ISO 291. Under these conditions the material typically absorbs 0.7 wt% water when tested to ISO 62, a value controlled by the four methylene units between amide groups in the PA12 repeat unit. This is materially lower than the 2.5–3.0 wt% equilibrium moisture range observed in unreinforced PA66 at the same exposure and is the central reason conditioned PA12 dimensions remain more stable in moist air. The density is approximately 1.01 g/cm³ per ISO 1183-1, roughly 11–14 % lower than the 1.13–1.15 g/cm³ typical of unfilled PA66. Conditioned data, not dry-as-moulded data, should be used for snap-fit retention, clip latch force, and press-fit stress calculations because moisture lowers tensile modulus and yield stress while increasing elongation and notched impact resistance.
The gap between dry and service performance is smaller for PA12 than for PA6 or PA66, but it is not negligible: tensile modulus decreases by roughly 20–35 % from dry to conditioned, while yield stress falls by 10–20 %. Finite-element simulations using dry data therefore underpredict deflection and overpredict snap-fit insertion force. Conditioned data must be used for nonlinear snap-fit buckling, retention, and creep-sensitive dimensional analysis.
Conditioned ISO 179-1/1eA notched Charpy data for low-viscosity unfilled PA12 commonly range from 8 kJ/m² to 12 kJ/m² at 23 °C, compared with dry values that often sit between 5 kJ/m² and 7 kJ/m². At −30 °C, the conditioned value typically retains 4–6 kJ/m², while many impact-modified PA66 grades can fall below 5 kJ/m² at the same temperature. This low-temperature toughness retention is exploited in automotive door-panel snap fits, cable clips, and industrial housing latches that must be assembled without preheating in cold environments. Ductile response in thin-wall parts depends as much on moulding parameters as on material selection: a restricted gate that overheats the melt above 250 °C can degrade molecular weight and embrittle the component even when the bulk melt temperature is within specification. On multicavity tools with 0.6 mm wall stock and clamp forces from 1,000–1,500 kN, processors maintain ductile impact by limiting melt residence time to 10 min and keeping screw decompression below 3 mm to avoid air entrapment in the melt cushion.
Representative short-term property ranges for unfilled low-viscosity PA12 after conditioning are summarised below. These are supplier-typical screening values, not specification maxima or minima, and should be verified against production-lot certificates for safety-critical dimensions.
| Property | Standard | Dry as moulded | Conditioned 23 °C/50 % RH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | ISO 1183-1 | 1.01 g/cm³ | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Moisture uptake | ISO 62 | 0.0–0.1 wt% | 0.7 wt% |
| Tensile modulus | ISO 527-1/-2 | 1,300–1,500 MPa | 900–1,100 MPa |
| Yield stress | ISO 527-1/-2 | 35–40 MPa | 28–34 MPa |
| Nominal strain at break | ISO 527-1/-2 | 50–80 % | 80–100 % |
| Charpy notched impact 23 °C | ISO 179-1/1eA | 5–7 kJ/m² | 8–12 kJ/m² |
| Charpy notched impact −30 °C | ISO 179-1/1eA | 4–5 kJ/m² | 4–6 kJ/m² |
| Vicat softening temperature B50 | ISO 306 | 140–150 °C | 135–145 °C |
At 23 °C/50 % RH, unreinforced PA12 absorbs 0.7 wt% moisture, while PA66 and PA6 absorb 2.5–3.0 wt% and 2.8–3.2 wt% respectively. For a 100 mm unreinforced PA66 part, equilibrium swelling can reach 0.2–0.4 mm; for PA12 the equivalent length change is commonly 0.1–0.2 mm. The difference is most important in split-boss snap fits and inserted metal bushings, where swelling increases hoop stress and can crack the boss. Grilamid L 16 LM is selected in these geometries when lower moisture shift is required, but the conditioned tensile modulus is below that of conditioned PA66, so rib height and wall thickness must be increased where stiffness governs. Designers accept a modulus penalty of approximately 20–30 % relative to 30 % glass-fibre-reinforced PA66 when low density, low moisture uptake, and sub-zero impact are dominant requirements.
The comparative design-relevant values used to position this grade relative to other unfilled polyamides are summarised below.
| Parameter | Grilamid L 16 LM PA12 conditioned | PA66 conditioned | PA6 conditioned |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moisture uptake at 23 °C/50 % RH | 0.7 wt% | 2.5–3.0 wt% | 2.8–3.2 wt% |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ | 1.13–1.15 g/cm³ | 1.12–1.14 g/cm³ |
| Tensile modulus conditioned | 900–1,100 MPa | 1,200–1,800 MPa | 900–1,400 MPa |
| Charpy notched impact −30 °C | 4–6 kJ/m² | 2–5 kJ/m² | 2–5 kJ/m² |
| Mould shrinkage | 0.7–1.4 % | 1.2–1.8 % | 1.0–1.8 % |
Grilamid L 16 LM is selected for thin-wall connector and fastener tools because its melt volume-flow rate at 275 °C under 5 kg load typically falls between 20 cm³/10 min and 30 cm³/10 min under ISO 1133-1. This flow permits filling of wall sections from 0.4 mm to 1.2 mm at melt temperatures of 220–250 °C. The material must be dried in a desiccant-air dryer at 80 °C for 4–6 h to residual moisture below 0.10 wt%; drying failure produces splay and reduces weld-line strength. Mould temperature should be held between 30 °C and 80 °C. Lower mould temperatures shorten cycle time but increase moulded-in stress; upper temperatures improve crystallinity and dimensional stability but extend cooling time. In hot-runner systems, manifold temperature should not exceed 250 °C for prolonged periods, and total residence time at melt temperature beyond 10–15 min can shift viscosity and induce yellowing. Screw and barrel zones are normally profiled from 210 °C at the feed throat to 240 °C at the metering zone, with back pressure of 3–8 MPa hydraulic on screw diameters from 25 mm to 40 mm.
Because the conditioned state is achieved after moulding, melt processing must treat the feedstock as dry; post-moulding conditioning is usually accomplished by ageing parts at 23 °C/50 % RH until constant mass. Accelerated conditioning at 40 °C/90 % RH is possible but can overshoot target moisture and temporarily alter dimensions before equilibrium stabilises.
When regrind is used in snap-fit applications, the maximum recommended addition is 20 wt%; higher fractions reduce notched impact and increase lot-to-lot melt viscosity variation. On a 1,200 kN injection moulding machine with a 30 mm screw, a melt cushion of 3–6 mm and screw recovery delay of 0.5–1.0 s are typically maintained to prevent nozzle drool from the low-viscosity melt. The narrow processing margin is not a temperature instability; it arises from low melt viscosity, which reduces the back pressure control window and can cause flash in worn tools if switch-over position is set too late. Published flash-thickness data as a function of clamp force for this exact grade is limited; mould trials on project tools are required to establish process capability at the required CpK for dimensions below ±0.05 mm.
Tool design for this conditioned PA12 grade should account for mould shrinkage of 0.7–1.2 % in the flow direction and 0.9–1.4 % transverse for unreinforced sections of 2 mm wall thickness. The anisotropy is lower than glass-reinforced grades but still affects circular bearing fits and gear-like features. Snap-fit retention force calculated with dry modulus can overpredict pull-out force by 20–30 %; core deflections and latch deflection must be recalculated with conditioned tensile modulus. Gas traps are more critical in low-viscosity PA12 because the melt front advances rapidly; vents of 0.02–0.03 mm depth and 2–4 mm width should be provided at the end of fill. Published mould-shrinkage data for this exact product in conditioned service is limited to supplier moulding guidelines; prototype tooling is recommended for tolerances tighter than ±0.05 mm.
Selection of Grilamid L 16 LM over impact-modified PA66 or PBT is most common when three conditions coincide: sub-zero assembly impact, moisture-affected dimensional control, and high-flow thin-wall filling. PA12 after conditioning has a lower dielectric constant than PA66 at the same moisture content; dry PA12 measured at 1 MHz under IEC 60250 typically shows 3.0–3.2, and conditioned values rise only modestly. PBT offers faster crystallisation and shorter cycle times, but its density is approximately 1.30–1.32 g/cm³, and unreinforced low-temperature notched impact is generally below PA12 unless heavily impact-modified. Impact-modified PA66 may exceed PA12 in room-temperature toughness but absorbs more moisture, shifting both dimensions and dielectric properties. The L 16 LM grade is therefore positioned for cable ties, snap clips, connector housings, and medical device mechanical latches where low density, sub-zero impact retention, and low moisture uptake outweigh the stiffness deficit.
Chemical resistance of conditioned PA12 against fuels, oils, greases, and aliphatic solvents is another differentiating property. The material resists continuous exposure to diesel and hydraulic fluids at temperatures up to 60–80 °C for non-structural parts, but strong mineral acids, phenols, and chlorinated solvents attack the polyamide backbone. Fuel-contact permeation must be validated to the relevant automotive specification; published data for this exact grade under SAE J2260 or SAE J1737 is limited. For electrical applications, comparative tracking index for unfilled PA12 is typically 600 V under IEC 60112, and surface resistivity under IEC 62631-3-2 is in the 10¹³–10¹⁴ Ω/sq range at 23 °C/50 % RH. Continuous load-bearing service above 100 °C is not recommended for unreinforced PA12 because creep rate accelerates; reinforced or semi-aromatic polyamides should be evaluated for higher-temperature structural loads. Outdoor weathering requires black pigmentation or a UV-stabilised variant; long-term conditioned ageing at 80 °C reduces tensile elongation as oxidative embrittlement proceeds, and project-specific endurance data should be obtained. Regulatory status under REACH 1907/2006/EC and RoHS 2011/65/EU should be confirmed against the supplier safety data sheet and product certification for the specific lot.
