| HS Code | 996902 |
| Material | Polyamide 12 (PA12) |
| Product Grade | BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 |
| Conditioning State | Conditioned |
| Density | 1.01 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 178 °C |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 175 °C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 0 45 Mpa | 160 °C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature 1 8 Mpa | 80 °C |
| Tensile Modulus | 1600 MPa |
| Tensile Strength | 48 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 20% |
| Charpy Impact Strength Unnotched 23 C | 35 kJ/m² |
| Izod Impact Strength Notched 23 C | 4 kJ/m² |
| Water Absorption 24h | 0.25% |
| Shore D Hardness | 75 |
As an accredited Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 PA12, Conditioned factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Packaged in sealed, moisture-resistant 25 kg bags to preserve conditioned PA12 pellets, with clear product labeling and batch identification. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: palletized bags of Bada BADAMID PA12 granules, securely loaded, protected from moisture and UV exposure. |
| Shipping | Ship as non-hazardous polymer pellets in sealed, moisture-proof packaging. Avoid exposure to excessive heat, humidity, or direct sunlight during transit. Keep containers upright and protected from mechanical damage. Store in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Ensure proper labeling with product name and handling instructions for safe delivery. |
| Storage | Store Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 in its original, sealed packaging in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and UV radiation. Maintain low humidity to prevent moisture uptake. After opening, reseal tightly or store with desiccant. Avoid dust and contamination. Under these conditions, material retains specified properties within shelf-life limits. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 2 years from production date when stored unopened, cool, and dry in original packaging. |
Truck and trailer compressed-air braking systems operate at 0.8–1.0 MPa service pressure and route thermoplastic tubing through frame-rail brackets, axle housings, and exposed chassis sections where road salt, UV radiation, and −40°C cold soaking occur in the same service interval. Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 is extruded into tubing of 6×1 mm to 16×2 mm on a single-screw line with a 30:1 to 33:1 L/D barrier screw and a grooved feed section. The granulate is pre-dried in a desiccant dryer at 80°C for 4–6 h with a −40°C dew point until residual moisture is below 0.10 wt%; any moisture above 0.15 wt% produces internal voids in the tube wall because melt hydrolysis reduces viscosity in the metering zone. Melt temperature at the adapter is controlled to 225–245°C, and melt pressure at the screen pack typically remains between 10 and 18 MPa, with a gear pump used to reduce mass-flow fluctuation below 1.5% and stabilise outer diameter. The tube exits a vacuum calibrator operated at 0.02–0.05 MPa vacuum and enters a first water bath at 40–60°C; haul-off speed is trimmed by an in-line laser diameter gauge to hold OD within ±0.05 mm. Because the grade is natural colour, carbon black is absent, so long-term UV resistance depends entirely on the organic UV EX stabiliser package rather than on pigment screening. In tubular service, the conditioned material absorbs 0.5–0.7 wt% moisture at 23°C/50% RH according to ISO 1110, and this moisture uptake lowers tensile modulus by 10–20% compared with dry-as-moulded values while increasing notched Charpy impact. Air brake tubing is qualified to ISO 7628-1 for dimensions and ISO 7628-2 for low-temperature performance; cold-impact testing is performed on tube specimens after 24 h conditioning at −40°C to detect brittle failure at fitting insertion points. The terminal product is a flexible PA12 brake line assembled with brass push-in fittings and stainless-steel grab rings; fitting retention is validated after thermal ageing at 125°C for 1000 h and after oil contamination with typical compressor oil aerosol. PA12 moisture swelling at water saturation is below 1.5 wt% per ISO 62, which limits fitting-grip relaxation relative to PA6; however, design calculations must use conditioned modulus rather than dry datasheet values to avoid underestimating tube bending stiffness and sag.
| Conditioning state | Moisture content | Tensile modulus | Notched Charpy impact | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry as moulded | <0.10 wt% | 1450–1550 MPa | 6–9 kJ/m² | ISO 527-2, ISO 179/1eA |
| Conditioned 23°C/50% RH | 0.5–0.7 wt% | 1100–1300 MPa | 12–20 kJ/m² | ISO 1110, ISO 179/1eA |
| Water-saturated 23°C | 1.2–1.5 wt% | 900–1100 MPa | 20–35 kJ/m² | ISO 62, ISO 179/1eA |
The tabulated ranges represent neutral-viscosity PA12 extrusion compounds; the Bada lot-specific certificate of analysis governs the exact acceptance band for each delivery.
Utility-scale photovoltaic trackers and fixed-tilt arrays route DC string cable through flexible corrugated conduit that must resist 3000 h xenon-arc exposure without surface microcracking or brittleness at −40°C. Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 is processed as thin-wall corrugated conduit with 1.0–1.5 mm wall thickness, specifically because the natural grade contains no carbon black and therefore remains unpigmented for visual cable identification through the conduit wall. The absence of carbon black means the UV EX stabilization package must be uniformly dispersed in the melt; twin-screw compounding at a specific energy of 0.20–0.25 kWh/kg is used to distribute hindered amine light stabilizers and o-hydroxybenzotriazole-type UV absorbers without over-stabilising the surface. A typical weather-resistant PA12 formulation uses a total organic UV additive concentration of 0.4–0.9 wt%; actual let-down in this grade is supplier-controlled and lot-specific. During conduit extrusion, the melt temperature is held at 225–235°C and the corrugator vacuum is set to form inner and outer wall corrugations at a drawdown ratio below 2.5:1, because excessive drawdown aligns the PA12 surface skin and accelerates UV-induced transverse microcracking. After extrusion, conduit is conditioned at 23°C/50% RH for 48 h; this raises moisture content to 0.5–0.7 wt% and suppresses brittle fracture during coiling for shipment. Low-temperature impact retention is assessed with ISO 179/1eA specimens cut from the conduit wall after accelerated weathering per ISO 4892-2 cycle 1; the acceptance criterion is no brittle fracture at −40°C after 2000 h xenon-arc exposure, but published data for this exact natural UV EX grade in five-year desert installations is limited. The terminal product is a flexible PA12 conduit assembly with IP67 glands mated to a solar tracker cable-harness system; connectors are tested for pull-off force after 168 h at 100°C and after 168 h at −40°C per internal tracker qualification. Conduit dimensions are specified according to IEC 61386-24 for flexible conduit systems in above-ground and buried installations; diameter tolerances are confirmed on conditioned samples because moisture-induced swelling changes lumen clearance slightly. Design validation for high-altitude UV environments therefore requires site-specific specimens and cannot rely solely on xenon-arc hours.
Automated assembly cells distribute 0.4–0.8 MPa compressed air from valve terminals to actuators through flexible polyamide tubing with outer diameters of 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm. Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 in conditioned tube form is extruded through a vacuum sizing tank with an in-line laser diameter gauge recording OD at 100 Hz; the specification for 6 mm OD tube is ±0.03 mm, and the gauge feedback adjusts haul-off speed when drift exceeds 0.02 mm. Pre-drying at 80°C for 5 h reduces moisture below 0.10 wt%; after sizing, the tube is conditioned for 48 h at 23°C/50% RH to stabilise dimensions and reduce installation-force scatter. The resulting moisture content of 0.5–0.7 wt% lowers tube stiffness but improves push-in fitting retention because the PA12 wall conforms to the collet with less creep than dry tube. Qualification is performed under ISO 14743 for thermoplastic tubes used in pneumatic fluid power; this includes burst pressure at 23°C, pressure ratio at 60°C, and resistance to mineral-oil aerosol. PA12 is sufficiently resistant to compressor oil, zinc stearate dust, and phosphate ester traces for normal shop-floor air; however, continuous exposure to 80°C air is permitted only with the heat-stabilised H grade, and excursions to 100°C are derated to 50% of the 23°C pressure rating. In drier purge circuits, hot dry air below −40°C dew point can extract moisture from the tube surface and cause temporary outer diameter contraction, so fitting pull-off force is re-verified after 72 h of dry-air exposure. Terminal installation uses latching push-in fittings with nitrile O-rings; insertion force is lower than for PA6 because PA12 has a lower coefficient of friction and less moisture-induced expansion. Batch-to-batch variance in natural-colour tubing is controlled by checking melt volume-flow rate at 235°C/2.16 kg according to ISO 1133-1:2022 and by recording extruder melt pressure coefficient of variation below 3%.
Cable glands, locking domes, and hinged covers for outdoor machine-tool power feeds are injection-moulded from PA12 H UV EX natural S2 where salt mist, periodic pressure washing, and direct sun exposure occur during the same service period. The natural grade avoids carbon black and permits laser marking or pad printing, but the absence of carbon-black screening means UV resistance is concentrated in the outer 100–200 μm of the moulding; this places a minimum wall thickness of 2.0–2.5 mm on load-bearing sections. Moulding is executed on a 1000 kN hydraulic clamp unit with a 25 mm three-zone screw; granulate is dried to below 0.10 wt% moisture with a desiccant dryer at 80°C and −40°C dew point for 4 h. Barrel temperatures are set from 215°C in the feed zone to 235°C at the nozzle; mould temperature is held at 50–70°C to obtain a fine spherulitic skin without excessive crystallinity in thick ribs. Holding pressure between 60 and 80 MPa for 2–4 s minimises sink marks at the cable-nut thread root. After ejection, glands are conditioned at 23°C/50% RH to 0.5–0.7 wt% moisture before assembly, because dry PA12 mouldings are more notch-sensitive at −30°C. The terminal product is an IP68 cable gland body and clamping nut with PA12 thread profiles, tested for impact at −30°C using ISO 179/1eA and for weathering using ISO 4892-2 at 1000 h with no surface cracking observed on supplier qualification panels. Electrical safety classification is reported as UL 94 HB at 1.5 mm thickness; RoHS 2011/65/EU and REACH SVHC screening apply to the compound. Published field data for this exact natural UV EX grade in salt-spray coastal installations is limited, so each enclosure manufacturer performs its own environmental sealing test after thermal cycling from −40°C to 85°C for 50 cycles.
Trackside junction-box hinge brackets are injection-moulded from PA12 H UV EX natural S2 at melt 225–235°C and mould 40–80°C, then conditioned to 0.5–0.7 wt% moisture before assembly; impact verification at −30°C follows ISO 179/1eA, and weathering follows 1000 h ISO 4892-2 with no change in snap-fit force above the 10% acceptance threshold.
At ambient temperatures below −20°C, acetal homopolymer snap-fit brackets can fail in a brittle mode when processed with sharp thread roots or high core orientation. PA12 H UV EX natural S2 is substituted in exterior sensor housings and access covers that require snap-fit assembly and outdoor UV exposure. The material is moulded at melt 225–235°C with a 50–60°C mould and should be dried to below 0.10 wt% before plastication. The snap-fit beam is designed to a maximum outer-fibre strain of 2.5% for conditioned PA12 at −30°C, but the value must be verified with ISO 179/1eA impact data and actual gate location because weld-line strength drops when multiple gates are used. When moulding the natural grade, hot-runner gate vestige is kept below 0.15 mm to avoid a local flaw through the UV-stabilised skin. After ejection, parts are conditioned at 23°C/50% RH for 48–72 h; the resulting moisture level of 0.5–0.7 wt% increases notched impact energy and reduces flexural modulus, which in turn lowers snap-fit insertion force but also reduces retention. Outdoor validation uses ISO 4892-2 for 1500 h xenon-arc exposure, followed by snap-fit assembly at −30°C with no visible cracking under 10× magnification. The terminal product is a snap-fit housing for a non-safety outdoor sensor; the polymer housing is not a substitute for a sealed enclosure unless an elastomeric gasket and stainless-steel retention clip carry the long-term sealing load. Published data for this exact grade in five-year outdoor snap-fit applications is limited; manufacturers using this substitution should generate lot-specific weathering and low-temperature snap-fit data on production tooling rather than laboratory plaques.
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The designation Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 PA12, Conditioned refers to an unfilled polyamide 12 extrusion compound supplied in natural color. The code H denotes a heat-stabilized base resin; UV denotes an ultraviolet-stabilized formulation; EX identifies an extrusion processing grade. The suffix S2 is an internal Bada grade identifier for melt viscosity or product consistency. The term “Conditioned” states that mechanical test values are obtained after moisture equilibrium with a 23 °C / 50 % RH standard atmosphere according to ISO 291:2008, class 2, rather than on dry-as-molded samples.
Because PA12 has a lower amide group concentration than PA6 and PA66, its equilibrium water uptake is lower. Under ISO 62:2008, method 1, unfilled PA12 typically absorbs 0.5–0.7 wt% moisture at 23 °C/50 % RH, while immersion in 23 °C water produces saturation values near 1.2–1.5 wt%. These values are below the 2.5–3.0 wt% equilibrium moisture range at 23 °C/50 % RH for unfilled PA6, which explains the less dramatic conditioning shift in PA12.
| Grade code element | Technical meaning |
|---|---|
| Bada BADAMID PA12 | Supplier product family based on polyamide 12 |
| H | Heat-stabilized; retards thermo-oxidative chain scission during melt processing and elevated service temperature |
| UV EX | Ultraviolet-stabilized extrusion formulation; light stabilizer package and extrusion-optimized viscosity |
| natural S2 | Unpigmented natural color; internal grade identifier for flow/consistency |
| Conditioned | Moisture-conditioned test state per ISO 291:2008 23/50 |
Conditioning introduces water molecules into the amorphous phase of semicrystalline PA12. The absorbed water acts as a plasticizer, lowering glass transition temperature and reducing secondary-force interactions. In tensile testing according to ISO 527-1:2019 and ISO 527-2:2012, the effect is greater on the secant modulus than on the yield stress. An unfilled PA12 dry-as-molded tensile modulus near 1400–1600 MPa commonly shifts to 1000–1200 MPa after conditioning. Yield stress declines from a dry range of 40–50 MPa to 30–40 MPa. Nominal strain at break remains above 50 %, but the ductile-to-brittle transition under notch stress moves to lower temperatures because conditioned impact resistance improves.
For polyamide 12, moisture equilibrium under ISO 291:2008 may require several hundred hours for thick test bars. Accelerated conditioning per ISO 1110:2019 is therefore often used for polyamides, but the supplier’s “Conditioned” label should be understood as the standard atmosphere state unless the certificate states otherwise.
The following table provides a representative property envelope for unfilled PA12 extrusion compounds. It is a class-level comparison, not a product-specific datasheet. Published mechanical data for the Bada BADAMID PA12 H UV EX natural S2 variant is limited, so the current supplier certificate must be consulted before finite element input or tolerance analysis.
| Property | Standard | Dry-as-molded range | Conditioned range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile modulus, 1 mm/min | ISO 527-1/2 | 1400–1600 MPa | 1000–1200 MPa |
| Yield stress | ISO 527-1/2 | 40–50 MPa | 30–40 MPa |
| Nominal strain at break | ISO 527-1/2 | >50 % | >50 % |
| Charpy notched impact strength, 23 °C | ISO 179-1/1eA | 4–6 kJ/m² | 10–18 kJ/m² |
| Water uptake at 23 °C/50 % RH | ISO 62:2008 | — | 0.5–0.7 wt% |
The choice of dry or conditioned data has thermodynamic consequences in part design. A snap-fit geometry designed with dry modulus may be too stiff in winter and too soft in tropical humidity; a pressure-tube wall designed with conditioned modulus may yield overly thick walls if the service atmosphere is dry. In general, extruded tubing and cable sheathing exposed to ambient humidity should be modeled with conditioned values, while short-cycle interior components that are loaded immediately after molding may use dry values.
Thermal analysis by ISO 11357-3:2018 places the melting peak of PA12 near 175–180 °C. The crystallization temperature after cooling at 10 K/min is typically 140–150 °C. These values depend on molecular weight and nucleating additives; the S2 class may have a slightly lower melting peak due to its flow modification. Crystallinity after extrusion is determined by cooling rate. Fast quench in cold water calibration produces smaller spherulites, lower modulus, and higher toughness; slow air cooling increases crystallinity and shrinkage but improves creep resistance. Therefore, the same grade can show different mechanical properties in a thin-wall tube and a thick-wall rod.
Before extrusion, pellet moisture is a process-critical variable, not a conditioning target. Drying in a dry-air dryer at 80 °C for 4–6 h to a residual moisture below 0.10 wt% is common. The dryer dew point should be below -30 °C. If pellets remain in open storage at relative humidity above 60 % for more than 8 h, redrying is recommended. Residual moisture above 0.15 wt% can produce surface splay, melt pressure fluctuation, and inconsistent outer diameter in thin-wall tube. Karl Fischer titration according to ISO 15512:2019 is preferred for moisture verification because loss-on-drying can overestimate water by releasing low-molecular-weight additives. A production control limit of 0.08 wt% is typical for PA12 before melt processing.
Single-screw extruders with grooved feed sections and L/D ratios from 25:1 to 30:1 are used for PA12 tube extrusion. Barrel settings from feed to die typically range from 190 °C to 240 °C, while melt temperature measured with a needle pyrometer at the die entry should remain between 220 °C and 250 °C. Melt temperature can exceed the rear barrel set point by more than 10 °C due to viscous dissipation; screw speed must be reduced if melt temperature at the screw tip approaches 260 °C, because prolonged exposure above 260 °C can exhaust the heat stabilizer and form gel particles or yellowing.
Production-scale failure modes in PA12 tube lines are often stabilizer-related plate-out on the die lip rather than gross melt fracture. Screen packs of 80/120/80 mesh and a melt pump are used to remove contaminants and stabilize die pressure. If die pressure oscillation exceeds ±0.5 bar at constant screw speed, feed-bridging or screw wear should be investigated. In thin-wall pneumatic tubing, the vacuum calibration sleeve should be placed within 5–10 mm of the die face; excessive draw-down increases ovality and lowers burst resistance because molecular orientation is frozen before adequate relaxation.
Vacuum calibration at 0.6–0.8 bar differential is common for PA12 tubing. Excess vacuum above 0.9 bar can pull the tube against the calibration sleeve too aggressively, increasing drag and causing surface scoring or stick-slip. Too little vacuum below 0.4 bar may result in poor roundness. The exact setting depends on tube diameter and wall thickness.
The H designation provides heat stabilization against thermo-oxidative chain scission during melt compounding, profile extrusion, and long-term warm service. It does not permit unlimited regrind. In extrusion, heat stabilizers are consumed by repeated residence time at melt temperature; a practical regrind fraction above 20–30 % may shift the melt color and reduce impact strength, depending on heat history and melt pressure history.
The UV designation separates this grade from non-UV BADAMID PA12 H EX natural. The UV stabilizer package is intended for outdoor weathering where the surface receives repeated solar irradiation. For ranking of weatherability, ISO 4892-2:2013 method A with daylight filters, black-standard temperature 65 °C, chamber temperature 38 °C, and a 102 min dry / 18 min water-spray cycle is appropriate. Retention of tensile elongation at break according to ISO 527-1:2019 after 500 h, 1000 h, and 2000 h intervals tracks chain scission. Because published data for this specific Bada S2 configuration is limited, aging performance must be verified on finished components for exposure beyond 1000 h.
The UV stabilizer system likely contains hindered amine light stabilizers and a UV absorber. Hindered amine light stabilizers do not absorb UV, but scavenge free radicals in a regenerative cycle. UV absorbers protect deeper layers by absorbing wavelengths between 300 nm and 400 nm. The combined package delays surface microcracking and gloss loss, but it does not prevent erosion indefinitely. For black outdoor grades, carbon black may provide additional opacity but is absent in natural S2.
Natural color means no pigments are intentionally added. In colored versions, pigments and carrier polymers can interact with UV stabilizers and alter crystallization and weathering. The natural grade is preferred when weld-line integrity, translucency, or customer-applied color masterbatch is required. However, adding a color masterbatch will dilute the stabilizer concentration and change weather resistance; the required masterbatch ratio should be validated under ISO 4892-2:2013 rather than assumed from natural-grade data.
Moisture diffusion in PA12 follows Fickian kinetics in the early stage. For a 2 mm molded plaque, equilibrium at 23 °C/50 % RH may require 300–400 h. For a 4 mm plaque the time scales approximately with the square of thickness, extending to over 1200 h. Extruded tube wall thickness below 1 mm reaches equilibrium much faster. This is why conditioned values are more relevant for thin-wall tube service than for thick structural profiles.
The extrusion-optimized grade is used for small-diameter unreinforced pneumatic tubing, cable sheathing, convoluted conduit, and extruded clips where moisture uptake, flexibility, and chemical resistance are controlling. In pneumatic tube production, the polymer must deliver stable parison dimensions at high draw-down ratios without melt fracture. The S2 flow class is intended to reduce die pressure and improve surface finish in thin sections; however, exact melt-volume flow rate is defined by the supplier and should be requested.
Melt volume-flow rate under ISO 1133-1:2022 at 235 °C and 2.16 kg is the relevant flow-test parameter for quality release. The S2 internal code may be controlled by this or by solution viscosity, depending on the supplier’s in-house specification. The conversion between melt flow and die pressure is nonlinear in PA12 because the melt is pseudoplastic; power-law index derived from capillary rheometry according to ISO 11443:2021 is used for die design. Apparent shear rate for tube extrusion may range from 100 s−1 to 1000 s−1. At the upper end, unstable slip-stick flow can appear as a wavy or “bamboo” inner surface. Reducing die land length or increasing die temperature can shift the melt fracture threshold. The heat stabilizer package allows brief excursions, but the average melt residence time in the barrel should be kept below 5–8 min.
Compared with BADAMID PA12 H EX natural without the UV package, this UV-stabilized variant should be selected for hoses or conduits that are exposed to scattered or direct sunlight. Compared with unfilled PA6 and PA66, PA12 absorbs less moisture, retains more stiffness in humid service, and shows better stress-cracking resistance against zinc chloride solutions. Its density near 1.01–1.02 g/cm³ is lower than PA66 at 1.13–1.15 g/cm³, which reduces weight per meter of extruded tube. The trade-off is lower short-term thermal resistance: heat deflection temperature under ISO 75-2:2013 method B for conditioned unfilled PA12 is approximately 50–60 °C, while unfilled PA66 may be higher. Applications above 70 °C under continuous load require creep testing under ISO 899-1:2017, because the PA12 modulus decreases with temperature and moisture.
Compared with glass-fiber-reinforced PA12 compounds, the unfilled natural S2 grade has lower tensile modulus and lower creep resistance but higher elongation and reduced screw/barrel abrasion. Glass-filled grades are typically selected for structural fittings; this unfilled grade is selected for thin-wall tube, cable sheathing, and flexible conduit. The absence of reinforcement also reduces notch sensitivity at low temperature, but the material remains subject to embrittlement below the PA12 ductile-to-brittle transition when mechanically damaged or exposed to aggressive chemical environments.
Compared with polyamide 11, PA12 has a slightly lower melting point and is derived from laurolactam rather than 11-aminoundecanoic acid. Both have low water uptake and are used in pneumatic tubing. The choice often depends on supplier-specific stabilization and extrusion lot consistency rather than a clear difference in the base polymer performance.
Lot-to-lot variation of melt viscosity is typically controlled by the supplier to a narrow band. Incoming quality checks should include melt volume-flow rate according to ISO 1133-1:2022, moisture content by Karl Fischer, and tensile modulus from a standard test bar. These checks prevent shifts in tube diameter and burst pressure caused by viscosity drift.
Regulatory and safety documentation should be confirmed through the supplier. Compliance with REACH 1907/2006/EC, including the candidate list of substances of very high concern, and with RoHS 2011/65/EU, Annex II, as amended by EU 2015/863, must be documented on the current lot-level certificate. The base polymer is a thermoplastic aliphatic polyamide; the grade is not formulated with halogenated flame retardants. Food-contact or drinking-water use must not be assumed without an EU 10/2011 or national approval letter covering the complete formulation, including the UV stabilizer package and any processing aids.
The material should not be stored in open containers at relative humidity above 60 %. It is not recommended for continuous immersion in strong oxidizing acids, hot concentrated aqueous salts, or glycols above 100 °C unless compatibility is demonstrated by long-term chemical resistance testing. The “Conditioned” label is a test-state description and not a processing recommendation; pellets must be dried before melt processing.
