| HS Code | 100644 |
| Material Type | Polyamide 11 (PA11) |
| Density | 1.03 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 186 °C |
| Glass Transition Temperature | 45 °C |
| Tensile Strength | 55 MPa |
| Tensile Modulus | 400 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 300 % |
| Flexural Modulus | 500 MPa |
| Notched Izod Impact | 15 kJ/m² |
| Water Absorption 24h | 0.35 % |
| Water Absorption Equilibrium | 1.0 % |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 110 °C |
| Mold Shrinkage | 0.01 - 0.02 mm/mm |
As an accredited Arkema Rilsan KNO PA11 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Arkema Rilsan KNO PA11 is packaged in sealed, moisture-proof 25 kg bags, as a fine powder for laser sintering. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: 20 palletized bags of Arkema Rilsan KNO PA11, securely braced, weight optimized, dry and ventilated container. |
| Shipping | Arkema Rilsan KNO PA11 is shipped as a fine polyamide powder in sealed multi-layer bags or fiber drums to protect against moisture. It is non-hazardous under standard transport regulations (ADR, IMO, IATA), though kept dry and away from heat sources. Ensure secure palletization and ventilation during transit. |
| Storage | Store Rilsan KNO PA11 in sealed, original containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Protect from moisture, direct sunlight, and excessive heat. Keep away from ignition sources and incompatible materials. Maintain moderate room temperature and low humidity to prevent clumping or degradation. Ensure proper labeling and handling per safety data sheet guidelines. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 3 years from manufacture when stored unopened, cool, and dry. |
In commercial vehicle trailer air brake circuits, Rilsan KNO PA11 is melt-extruded into coiled monolayer tube stock that must retain dimensional stability and burst resistance after winter standing at −40 °C and continuous receiver outlet temperatures near 85 °C, with pressure pulses rising from 0 MPa to 1.0 MPa over extended vehicle braking cycles. Compliance verification is anchored to SAE J844 for nonmetallic air brake tubing and ISO 7628-2:2018 for thermoplastic pneumatic tubing; incoming production lots are screened for ovality, wall thickness, and cold impact at −40 °C, while finished tube is subjected to hydraulic burst testing at 23 °C and hot-oil aging before shipment. The starting-point extrusion compound is 100 phr dried Rilsan KNO PA11, 6–9 phr n-butylbenzenesulfonamide plasticizer to maintain low-temperature ductility, 0.4–0.8 phr heat stabilizer, 0.2–0.5 phr processing lubricant, and a carbon black masterbatch added to produce 2.0–2.5 wt% carbon black in the final wall for ultraviolet protection. Processing on a grooved-barrel single-screw extruder with 30:1 L/D uses melt temperatures of 230–245 °C; vacuum calibration is held at −30 kPa gauge followed by closed-loop water cooling at 20–40 °C to fix ovality, and ultrasonic wall monitoring controls the wall to ±0.05 mm of nominal for tube diameters between 6 mm and 16 mm. Terminal products include coiled trailer air brake tubing, cut-and-bent chassis lines, and spiral-wrapped bundle assemblies. Pre-drying to ≤0.08 wt% residual moisture is mandatory; at ambient relative humidity above 60%, regrind addition above 15 wt% has been associated with microporosity and lower burst pressure, and melt temperature excursions beyond 260 °C must be avoided when residence time exceeds 8 min.
Rilsan KNO PA11 is coextruded as a low-permeation outer jacket or as a conductive inner layer in automotive fuel and evaporative emissions lines; the central processing conflict is that the conductive layer raises melt viscosity and increases pinhole sensitivity, while the outer layer must maintain surface finish and dimensional tolerance after hot forming. Fuel system tubing is validated under SAE J2260 for low-permeation nonmetallic fuel tubing and SAE J2044 for quick-connector interfaces, with permeation measured at 40 °C using aggressive fuel blends containing ethanol, methanol, and toluene according to OEM-specific evaporative emission procedures. For a conductive inner layer, the compound is 100 phr Rilsan KNO PA11, 5–10 wt% conductive carbon black, 0.5–1.0 phr antioxidant, and 0.2–0.5 phr acid scavenger; for a nonconductive outer layer, the formulation is 100 phr PA11, 6–10 phr plasticizer, 5–15 phr impact modifier, and 0.3–0.6 phr processing aid. Five-layer coextrusion uses extruders with 20:1–30:1 L/D feeding a spiral mandrel die, with the conductive inner layer run at 235–250 °C and the outer PA11 layer at 225–240 °C to limit residence-time degradation; gravimetric feeders hold layer ratios within ±3% of nominal and ultrasonic wall measurement detects interfacial delamination. Terminal products include fuel filler neck vent lines, EVAP canister purge lines, and quick-connector fuel delivery assemblies. Moisture content above 0.08 wt% in the conductive layer creates carbon black agglomerates and pinholes, while multilayer scrap regrind above 10 wt% reduces permeation performance and is not used when the tube must meet the lowest evaporative emission limits.
When a PA11 pressure sheath is specified for an unbonded flexible riser in sour crude service, the polymer layer must survive repeated rapid gas decompression from internal pressures that can exceed 30 MPa while exposed to CH₄, CO₂, and H₂S at partial pressures determined by the field composition; the limiting failure sequence is gas saturation during steady-state production followed by rapid depressurization that drives blistering and crack propagation through the sheath wall. Qualification is conducted under API 17J, ISO 13628-2, API 17TR8, and NORSOK M-710, with PA11 specimens aged in sour hydrocarbon-water mixtures and then subjected to decompression cycling; mechanical testing before and after exposure follows ASTM D638-14 tensile and ISO 180:2019 Izod impact. The pressure sheath compound is based on 100 phr dried Rilsan KNO PA11 without monomeric plasticizer to reduce hydrocarbon swelling, with 0.5–1.0 phr heat stabilizer, 2.0 wt% carbon black masterbatch, and 0.1–0.3 phr processing lubricant; this formulation trades some low-temperature flexibility for lower mass uptake in gas service. Extrusion onto the stainless steel carcass or hold-back tape is performed on a single-screw extruder with L/D ≥ 30:1 and grooved feed section at melt temperatures of 230–245 °C; wall thickness, typically between 5 mm and 12 mm, is monitored by four-point ultrasonic gauging and controlled to ±5% of nominal. Terminal products include dynamic riser pressure sheaths, static flowline pressure sheaths, and factory-made repair joints. Published data for this specific KNO configuration in high-H₂S systems above 90 °C is limited, and independent sour-service testing per NORSOK M-710 is required before design acceptance; hydrolysis and chain scission accelerate when free water and H₂S partial pressure exceed the boundaries of the qualified envelope.
| Application segment | Normative framework | Critical test focus | Material boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Air brake tube | SAE J844, ISO 7628-2:2018 | burst at 23 °C, impact at −40 °C | residual moisture ≤ 0.08 wt% |
| Fuel vapour line | SAE J2260, SAE J2044 | fuel blend permeation at 40 °C | regrind ≤ 10 wt% |
| Flexible riser sheath | API 17J, ISO 13628-2, API 17TR8 | rapid gas decompression, H₂S exposure | melt temperature ≤ 250 °C |
| Subsea umbilical conduit | API 17E, ISO 13628-5 | methanol/glycol immersion | hydrolysis stabilizer verification |
| RTP liner | API 15S | hydrostatic design basis | continuous service ≤ 65 °C |
| Hydraulic hose liner | SAE J517, ISO 18752 | impulse at 100 °C, 1.5× working pressure | plasticizer migration |
| EV battery cooling tube | ISO 175, ASTM D638-14, ISO 180:2019 | hot coolant aging, retained impact | drying ≤ 0.08 wt% |
Subsea umbilical designs using PA11 conduits require the polymer to tolerate continuous methanol and monoethylene glycol injection used for hydrate inhibition; the failure mechanism of concern is small-molecule permeation into the amide phase, which can reduce the glass transition temperature and eventually lead to creep rupture under cyclic hydraulic pressure. Specification follows API 17E and ISO 13628-5, with qualification testing of the PA11 core tube after immersion in 50:50 methanol/water and 70:30 monoethylene glycol/water baths at 60 °C; mechanical retention is measured by ASTM D638-14 tensile elongation and ISO 180:2019 Izod impact. The compound comprises 100 phr Rilsan KNO PA11, 4–8 phr elongation-increasing plasticizer for flex-fatigue tolerance, 0.5–1.5 phr hydrolysis-resistant stabilizer, 0.3–0.8 phr antioxidant, and 2.0 wt% carbon black masterbatch. Core tube extrusion is performed on a 30:1 L/D single-screw extruder with crosshead die at melt temperatures of 230–245 °C; vacuum calibration fixes the ID and OD before aramid or polyester braid reinforcement and a polyurethane outer jacket are applied at 0.5–1.5 mm wall thickness. Terminal products include subsea hydraulic control hose, methanol injection hoses, and electro-hydraulic umbilical cores. Hydrolysis stabilizer selection must be verified in hot water-glycol mixtures because some stabilizer packages can interact with acidic hydrate-inhibitor blends; published data for combined chemical exposure is limited, and project-specific soak tests are required.
Rilsan KNO PA11 functions as an extruded liner in spoolable reinforced thermoplastic line pipe when wet sour gas gathering conditions create a risk of annular condensation and H₂S uptake; the liner must resist liner collapse after annulus pressure build-up while retaining enough elongation for coiling and installation. Pipe qualification is governed by API 15S for spoolable reinforced plastic line pipe, with long-term hydrostatic strength evaluated under the standard’s regression procedures and sour-fluid compatibility tested in autoclaves at 60–65 °C. The liner compound contains 100 phr Rilsan KNO PA11, 0.4–0.8 phr antioxidant, 0.3–0.6 phr UV stabilizer for pre-jacket storage, and 2.0 wt% carbon black masterbatch; no monomeric plasticizer is added because it would reduce barrier density and increase gas permeation into the annulus. The liner is extruded at 230–245 °C, vacuum-calibrated to a tight wall tolerance, and then reinforced with multiple helical layers of aramid or glass fibre tape before applying an extruded HDPE or PA outer jacket; high-voltage holiday testing is conducted on the PA11 liner before reinforcement. Terminal products include continuous coiled pipe, site-installed flowlines, and repaired sections of gathering systems. Continuous service above 65 °C in wet sour gas requires a separate qualification programme because hydrolysis and H₂S uptake may exceed the published design margins for this specific PA11 grade.
High-pressure industrial hydraulic hoses with PA11 inner liners are qualified against impulse loads in phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids; the limiting failure mode is flexural fatigue crack initiation at the braid imprint, where local stress concentration combines with fluid-induced plasticization at elevated temperature. Hose assemblies are specified under SAE J517 or ISO 18752; impulse testing is run at 100 °C and 1.5× working pressure, with liner crack detection by circumferential sectioning after the impulse cycle count required by the selected standard. The liner compound contains 100 phr Rilsan KNO PA11, 8–12 phr low-volatility plasticizer for −40 °C flexibility, 0.5–1.0 phr antioxidant, and 0.4–0.8 phr internal lubricant; when static dissipation is required, the lubricant is partially replaced with 3–5 wt% conductive carbon black. Core tube is extruded through a crosshead die at 230–245 °C onto a flexible mandrel or support tube, vacuum-sized to a wall thickness of 0.5–1.5 mm, reinforced with synthetic fibre or steel braid, and jacketed. Terminal products include thermoplastic hydraulic hose assemblies, hydro-pneumatic accumulator lines, and phosphate ester return lines. Post-cure oven exposure above 120 °C is avoided because plasticizer migration becomes measurable and lowers low-temperature impact resistance.
Electric vehicle battery cooling loops impose simultaneous thermal, hydrolytic, and vibrational loads on PA11 tube stock carrying 50:50 ethylene glycol/water at 80–90 °C; Rilsan KNO PA11 is processed into smooth-core corrugated segments where the corrugation profile must not initiate stress cracking after repeated thermal expansion of the battery pack. Thermal management tubing is qualified against OEM specifications that commonly reference ISO 175 for mass change after hot coolant immersion, ASTM D638-14 for retained tensile elongation, and ISO 180:2019 Izod impact at −30 °C after aging. The compound uses 100 phr Rilsan KNO PA11, 4–7 phr plasticizer for low-temperature flexibility, 0.5–1.0 phr heat stabilizer, and 0.2–0.5 phr process aid; if arc-tracking resistance is specified, 2.0–3.0 wt% carbon black is added. Extrusion at 230–245 °C is followed by vacuum calibration and in-line corrugation using a travelling mould, with post-cooling dimensional checks of ID, OD, and wall thickness at three circumferential positions. Terminal products include battery coolant lines, quick-connector stubs, and manifold tubes. Drying to ≤0.08 wt% residual moisture is mandatory because moisture reaction during melt processing can reduce molecular weight and lower burst strength after 1,000 h hot coolant exposure.
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Arkema Rilsan KNO PA11 is classified as a natural polyamide 11 resin derived from 11-aminoundecanoic acid, which is obtained from castor oil through a sequence of transesterification, pyrolysis, and hydrolysis. The monomer structure places one amide linkage per 11-carbon aliphatic repeat unit, and this lower amide density is the main structural determinant separating PA11 from PA6 and PA66. Amide group concentration is approximately 5.5 mmol/g for PA11, whereas PA6 and PA66 carry roughly 8.8 mmol/g. Published Arkema documentation identifies the Rilsan PA11 product family as semicrystalline, with a density of 1.03–1.05 g/cm³ per ISO 1183-1:2019, a melting endotherm peak near 189–190 °C per ISO 11357-3:2018, and a glass transition temperature in the range 45–55 °C depending on thermal history and conditioning. Because the KNO designation is one of several viscosity and color variants within the Rilsan PA11 slate, the exact melt volume-flow rate, additive package, and lot-specific tensile values should be verified against the certificate of analysis; where published data for this specific KNO configuration is limited, the following values reflect the Rilsan PA11 natural extrusion and injection grade family. Water saturation after 23 °C immersion is approximately 1.8–1.9 wt% per ISO 62:2008, compared with 8.0–9.0 wt% for PA66 and 1.4–1.6 wt% for PA12 under similar conditions.
In material selection matrices, PA11 occupies the intermediate region where low moisture uptake, impact resistance at subzero temperatures, and processability outweigh the higher dry tensile strength of PA66. The dry tensile yield stress of Rilsan PA11 extrusion grades is reported at 38–42 MPa per ISO 527-2:2012, with elongation at break typically above 200% for unplasticized extrusion formulations. Flexural modulus ranges from 900–1,200 MPa per ISO 178:2019 in the dry-as-molded condition, but conditioning at 50% relative humidity reduces the modulus by approximately 20–30% due to plasticization. Notched Charpy impact values at −30 °C are reported in the range 8–10 kJ/m² per ISO 179-1:2010, which is a critical differentiator when PA66 grades show brittle transitions under the same subzero conditions. Table 1 provides the comparative data set used to distinguish Rilsan KNO PA11 from PA12 and PA66.
| Property | Rilsan KNO PA11 | PA12 | PA66 | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 1.03–1.05 g/cm³ | 1.01 g/cm³ | 1.14 g/cm³ | ISO 1183-1:2019 |
| Melting peak | 189–190 °C | 176–180 °C | 255–265 °C | ISO 11357-3:2018 |
| Tensile yield stress, dry | 38–42 MPa | 35–40 MPa | 80–85 MPa | ISO 527-2:2012 |
| Flexural modulus, dry | 900–1,200 MPa | 800–1,000 MPa | 2,800–3,200 MPa | ISO 178:2019 |
| Notched Charpy at −30 °C | 8–10 kJ/m² | 7–9 kJ/m² | 4–6 kJ/m² | ISO 179-1:2010 |
| Water saturation, 23 °C | 1.8–1.9 wt% | 1.4–1.6 wt% | 8.0–9.0 wt% | ISO 62:2008 |
| Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa | 55–60 °C | 50–55 °C | 70–85 °C | ISO 75-2:2013 |
The table highlights the density and moisture advantages of PA11 against PA66, while showing a melting point approximately 10–14 °C higher than PA12. This thermal offset allows short-term excursions in powder coating and extrusion operations where PA12 would soften prematurely. In dry-state mechanical comparisons, PA66 is stiffer but also absorbs enough water to reverse the modulus advantage in humid service; after saturation, conditioned PA66 tensile yield stress can drop below 60 MPa, while Rilsan PA11 retains a higher proportion of its dry tensile properties because equilibrium moisture is less than one-quarter of that of PA66. These differences become selection-critical when component dimensions must remain stable across a 10–90% relative humidity envelope.
In sour hydrocarbon service, the longer methylene sequences and reduced amide concentration lower both the equilibrium solvent uptake and the degree of solvent-induced plasticization relative to PA6 and PA66. Polyamide 11 is cited in flexible riser and flowline specifications because it resists swelling and tensile loss in hydrocarbon, methanol, and carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide environments at temperatures up to 80–100 °C; published data for this specific KNO configuration is limited, but the Rilsan PA11 family is evaluated under ISO 1817:2015 immersion procedures with aromatic and aliphatic test fluids. In hot water hydrolysis testing, Rilsan PA11 exhibits less tensile decay than PA66 after 1,000 h exposure at 80 °C, although sustained pressurized steam above 120 °C, strong mineral acids, and concentrated phenol solutions remain outside the recommended service envelope. Stress cracking resistance in zinc chloride and calcium chloride salt solutions is also limited; equipment design should avoid trapped chloride solutions in contact with loaded surfaces.
Polyamide 11 melt processing is constrained by moisture uptake that accelerates hydrolysis and reduces molecular weight at melt temperature. Rilsan KNO PA11 must be pre-dried to 0.02 wt% or lower before extrusion or injection molding when the resin has been exposed to ambient air above 60% relative humidity. Drying is commonly performed in a desiccant dryer with a −30 °C dew point at 80 °C for 4–6 h; re-exposure to uncontrolled plant air defeats the drying step within 30–60 min. The barrel profile for a single-screw extruder with an L/D of 32:1–40:1 is set between 230 °C and 260 °C, with the feed zone kept below 200 °C to prevent bridging. Screw compression ratios of 2.5:1–3.5:1 are typical, and melt residence time above 240 °C should not exceed 10 min. For injection molding, melt temperature is held at 220–250 °C and mold temperature at 40–80 °C; low mold temperatures produce quenched amorphous skins that compromise dimensional stability and impact toughness. The processing parameter matrix in Table 2 summarizes the boundary conditions used on production-scale single-screw and closed-loop injection equipment.
| Parameter | Extrusion | Injection molding |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-drying temperature | 80 °C | 80 °C |
| Pre-drying time | 4–6 h | 4–6 h |
| Maximum residual moisture | 0.02 wt% | 0.02 wt% |
| Melt temperature | 230–260 °C | 220–250 °C |
| Mold temperature | — | 40–80 °C |
| Screw L/D ratio | 32:1–40:1 | 18:1–22:1 |
| Compression ratio | 2.5:1–3.5:1 | 2:1–3:1 |
| Maximum residence time above 240 °C | 10 min | 5 min |
Post-molding conditioning at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity is required before mechanical testing because moisture equilibrium changes the semi-crystalline superstructure and the tensile elongation response. Thick sections above 6 mm may require annealing at 120 °C for 4 h in nitrogen or vacuum to stabilize crystallinity and reduce internal stress. Die design for tubing and hose should maintain a smooth compression land with a draw ratio below 1.2:1 to avoid melt fracture, and calibration tooling must be insulated to prevent cold-shock skin formation.
Because the Rilsan KNO PA11 chain architecture contains eleven methylene units per amide group, the melt viscosity is strongly shear-thinning under high-shear processing. Typical melt volume-flow rate for medium-viscosity Rilsan PA11 extrusion grades is reported between 5 cm³/10 min and 10 cm³/10 min at 235 °C under 2.16 kg load per ISO 1133-1:2022, but the KNO lot-specific value should be pulled from the production certificate because the grade designation can cover multiple viscosity splits. Capillary rheometry observations for Rilsan PA11 show pronounced shear-thinning, with apparent melt viscosity at 1,000 s⁻¹ typically below 300 Pa·s at 250 °C; this behavior supports thin-wall tube extrusion at high line speed but requires head pressures above 150 bar to maintain melt homogeneity. Thermal gravimetric analysis in nitrogen shows the onset of degradation above 300 °C, while melt-processing stabilizers protect the resin only within the specified 230–260 °C window. In compounding, high-shear dispersion of pigments or nucleating agents should be performed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with an L/D of 36:1–48:1 and a specific mechanical energy input below 0.25 kWh/kg; exceeding this energy threshold can produce local shear heating above 280 °C and visible gel formation. The use of reclaimed PA11 regrind is limited to 20 wt% for pressure-bearing extruded products unless lot-specific melt flow and impact data are generated.
Dimensional change in Rilsan KNO PA11 follows both thermal expansion and moisture-induced swelling. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is typically 90–120 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ per ISO 11359-2 for the solid grade, and moisture swelling from dry to 50% relative humidity can add 0.2–0.3% linear change depending on wall thickness. These effects require clearance and interference fits to be calculated with the end-use humidity envelope, not the dry-as-molded dimensions. In cyclically loaded snap-fit and connector designs, wall thickness below 2 mm permits moisture equilibration within 48–72 h, while sections above 6 mm may require several weeks. The material’s dry-state dynamic fatigue response is competitive with PA12 at low strain amplitude, but published data for this specific KNO configuration is limited; component validation should follow ISO 527-2 tensile fatigue on molded plaques rather than extrapolating from static tensile curves.
For gear, bearing, and wear-band applications, PA11’s lower density and semi-crystalline surface behavior provide a specific wear rate that is often lower than PA66 at low PV conditions, but the transition to high PV operation above 0.5 MPa·m/s requires lubrication or a filled compound. The KNO unfilled designation is not suitable for high-load tribological service because the absence of internal lubricants and reinforcing filler permits surface temperature rise and creep. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; filled Rilsan PA11 grades with glass fiber or graphite are used when the product specification demands compressive strength above 70 MPa or wear rate below 1×10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m.
In cable sheathing and electrical connector applications, natural Rilsan KNO PA11 is characterized by a volume resistivity above 1×1014 Ω·cm per IEC 62631-3-1 and surface resistivity above 1×1013 Ω. Dielectric strength on 3 mm specimens is approximately 25–30 kV/mm; however, the values are moisture-sensitive and decline after conditioning at 50% relative humidity. Oxygen permeation and hydrocarbon permeation are lower than PA66 at equivalent wall thickness, which is relevant for fuel line and barrier pipe specifications. Published data for this specific KNO configuration is limited; barrier properties should be measured on extruded tube under ISO 15105-2 with the actual fuel blend rather than extrapolated from film data.
The castor oil derivation gives Rilsan PA11 a measurable renewable carbon content that can be verified using ASTM D6866-21; Arkema’s PA11 grades typically show bio-based carbon at or above 98%, which differentiates the material from petrochemical PA12 and PA66. Compliance with food-contact requirements under FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 and EU Regulation 10/2011 is grade-specific and must be confirmed against the KNO additive package and colorant load. RoHS compliance for this unfilled natural resin is normally declared under Directive 2011/65/EU with no lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, or polybrominated diphenyl ethers at concentrations above 0.1 wt% in homogeneous material; cadmium is limited to 0.01 wt%. REACH registration is maintained for the Rilsan PA11 monomer and polymer. Food-contact status under FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 and EU Regulation 10/2011 is documented for specific Rilsan PA11 grades, but the KNO variant must be checked against the actual additive composition before use in food-contact or potable water service.
In offshore flexible pipe applications, PA11 is used as the pressure sheath or inner liner because of resistance to methanol, hydrogen sulfide, and produced water at operating temperatures up to 90 °C. The material is also specified in automotive fuel vapor lines and quick connectors where low permeation and low-temperature impact after −40 °C conditioning are required; permeation rate against renewable fuels and E10 blends is typically lower than PA12 and significantly lower than plasticized PA66. Industrial hydraulic and pneumatic tubing made from Rilsan KNO PA11 accepts swaged fittings without micro-cracking and maintains burst pressure stability after oil ageing at 100 °C for 1,000 h. Cable sheathing applications use the grade because of abrasion resistance and resistance to mineral oil; however, flame retardant versions are not implicit in the KNO designation, and separate FR grades must be selected where UL 94 V-2 or V-0 is required. The operational boundary is defined by continuous service temperature, which is generally limited to 90–120 °C depending on load and chemical exposure, and by the need to maintain moisture below 0.02 wt% before melt processing. Concentrated strong acids, boiling phenol, and oxidizing environments cause rapid molecular weight loss and are not recommended.
