| HS Code | |
| Productname | Iso-Propyl Acetate |
| Iupacname | Propan-2-yl acetate |
| Casnumber | 108-21-4 |
| Chemicalformula | C5H10O2 |
| Molecularweight | 102.13 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Fruity, sweet, pleasant |
| Boilingpoint | 88.5 °C |
| Meltingpoint | -73.4 °C |
| Flashpoint | 2 °C (closed cup) |
| Autoignitiontemperature | 460 °C |
| Density | 0.872 g/cm³ at 20 °C |
| Vaporpressure | 42 mmHg at 20 °C |
| Vapordensity | 3.5 (air = 1) |
| Solubility | Slightly soluble in water; miscible with ethanol, ether, and acetone |
| Refractiveindex | 1.3770 at 20 °C |
| Viscosity | 0.56 mPa·s at 20 °C |
| Logp | 1.02 |
| Surfacetension | 22.9 mN/m at 20 °C |
As an accredited Iso-Propyl Acetate factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Iso-Propyl Acetate packaged in 200 L steel drums, clearly labeled flammable, with secure closures and chemical-resistant liners. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Iso-Propyl Acetate loaded in 20-foot FCL containers, drummed/palletized, secured, labeled as flammable liquid, with dangerous goods documentation for ocean transport. |
| Shipping | Iso-Propyl Acetate is shipped as UN 1220, Isopropyl acetate, Hazard Class 3, Packing Group II, a flammable liquid. Use UN-approved steel drums, IBCs, or tankers. Keep away from ignition sources, heat, and oxidizers; comply with ADR/IMDG/IATA regulations. Required labels: flammable liquid. Transport in ventilated vehicles; protect from sparks and static discharge. |
| Storage | Store iso-propyl acetate in tightly closed, labeled containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, open flames, and oxidizers. Use approved flammable-liquid cabinets or rooms with grounding and bonding. Provide secondary containment and spill control. Keep containers upright, protected from physical damage, and separate from incompatible materials. Follow local fire codes and use appropriate PPE. |
| Shelf Life | Iso-propyl acetate shelf life: approximately 24 months when stored in tightly sealed containers, cool, dry, away from heat, sparks, and sunlight. |
In solvent-borne nitrocellulose wood lacquers, isopropyl acetate is introduced not as a primary resin solvent but as a fast-to-medium active ester that displaces a portion of the aromatic hydrocarbon diluent while maintaining solution viscosity and dry-to-touch interval on flat-line and pressure-feed spray systems. A nitrocellulose lacquer for cabinetry or furniture lines is typically adjusted to 18–24 s through a Ford #4 cup at 25 °C; adding isopropyl acetate at 10–25 wt% of total formulation, within an oxygenated solvent fraction split between 20–35 wt% isopropyl acetate, 30–50 wt% ethyl acetate or methyl ethyl ketone, and 20–35 wt% aromatic hydrocarbon diluent, reduces flow viscosity without exceeding nitrocellulose tolerance limits. The incoming ester solvent is analyzed under ASTM D1613-17 for acidity as acetic acid and must not exceed 0.10%; nitrocellulose chips wetted with 35% isopropanol are introduced into the ester/ketone solvent phase in a stainless-steel explosion-proof high-shear disperser fitted with a Cowles blade at 25–35 °C, then mixed at 900–1,200 rpm for 30–45 min until a clear solution passes a 25 µm drawdown film test without gel specks. The batch is let down with the remaining diluents and plasticizer, and final viscosity is verified per ASTM D1200. Spray application through HVLP guns with 1.2–1.5 mm fluid nozzle diameters and 30–40 psi air cap pressure deposits a wet film of 100–150 µm; forced-air drying at 40–55 °C for 15–20 min removes the isopropyl acetate fraction before the nitrocellulose film hardens. Terminal product types include clear and pigmented pre-catalyzed nitrocellulose lacquers for solid wood and MDF cabinetry, acoustic guitar bodies, and wooden office furniture. Compliance with EU Directive 2004/42/EC requires the complete isopropyl acetate fraction to be counted as VOC; the solvent is not an exempt compound and has a density of 0.870 g/cm³ at 20 °C and a closed-cup flash point of 2 °C, requiring flameproof electrical classifications under ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU. Nitrocellulose grades used in wood lacquers vary in nitrogen content from 11.8% to 12.2%; a batch-to-batch shift of 0.2% nitrogen can alter Ford #4 cup viscosity by 4–6 s, and the formulator compensates by changing isopropyl acetate content within the stated window rather than raising aromatic diluent level and risking resin precipitation. Addition above 30 wt% of total formulation is not recommended because final film adhesion measured by ASTM D3359 cross-hatch may fall from class 5B to 3B on high-gloss polyester cabinetry, and ambient relative humidity above 65% RH can produce solvent blush unless a retarder solvent is added.
Pressroom data from gravure surface ink lines running on corona-treated biaxially oriented polypropylene film at press speeds of 180–250 m/min indicate that the choice of oxygenated diluent controls not only ink transfer from engraved gravure cylinders but also retained solvent levels in printed reels after drying. Isopropyl acetate is incorporated into the solvent blend at 15–30 wt% of total gravure ink, with ethyl acetate or ethanol at 25–45 wt% and n-propyl acetate or propylene glycol monomethyl ether at 10–20 wt%; the finished ink is adjusted to 18–25 s on a Zahn #2 cup at 25 °C. Compounding is performed in horizontal bead mills charged with 0.6–1.0 mm yttria-stabilized zirconia beads, where the base pigment concentrate is ground at 1,800–2,500 rpm and then let down with the complete ester/alcohol solvent mixture. In the pressroom, solvent dosing is controlled with viscomatic feed systems and explosion-proof pumps; the gravure doctor blade assembly operates at 55–65° contact angle and 2.5–4.0 N/cm linear blade load. Drying hoods are set at 55–75 °C with air velocities of 12–20 m/s; because isopropyl acetate has a water solubility of 2.9 g/100 g at 20 °C, less moisture is absorbed into the wet ink film than with ethyl acetate, reducing haze risk on clear film at 70% RH ambient conditions. Terminal finished products include snack food wrappers, stand-up pouches, shrink sleeves, and paper labels printed on 10-color rotogravure equipment. Regulatory assessment for food packaging inks must be verified against European Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 overall migration limits of 10 mg/dm², the Swiss Ordinance SR 817.023.21 on printing inks for food contact materials, and U.S. 21 CFR 175.300 extractive requirements where the printed film is used in direct food contact after lamination. Isopropyl acetate is less suitable for waterborne flexographic ink letdown because its water tolerance is limited; water levels above 5% in the ink can destabilize the resin solution and cause pigment flocculation on the plate.
Automotive refinish basecoat reducers are formulated as multi-solvent blends in which evaporation-rate staging must prevent both solvent popping and run/sag during robotic electrostatic bell application. Isopropyl acetate is added into the reducer at 10–22 wt% of the thinner blend, combined with butyl acetate at 15–30 wt%, xylene or ethylbenzene at 20–35 wt%, and acetone or methyl ethyl ketone at 10–25 wt%; this places the final basecoat viscosity at 14–18 s on a Ford #4 cup at 20 °C. The production mixing process uses closed-loop stainless-steel mixing vessels with variable-speed turbine agitators at 600–1,000 rpm; temperature is maintained between 18–24 °C because the closed-cup flash point of the blend is typically below 4 °C. During application through an electrostatic bell atomizer running at 30,000–50,000 rpm with a fluid delivery rate of 150–250 mL/min, the isopropyl acetate fraction evaporates in the first 3–5 min of flash air at 25 °C and 60% RH. This rapid front-end evaporation creates a dry surface skin; if the subsequent clearcoat is applied before the retained higher-boiling solvent leaves the basecoat film, solvent popping appears as crater-like voids in the clearcoat after force drying at 60 °C for 20 min. The operating boundary is therefore set at 22 wt% of isopropyl acetate in the reducer; formulations above this threshold should include 2–5 wt% of a high-boiling ester such as isobutyl acetate or 2–4 wt% of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate to slow the initial evaporation tail. In a downdraft booth at 30 °C and 45% RH, the tack-free interval shortens to approximately 2 min, increasing the risk of clearcoat holdout defects on vertical surfaces. Terminal finished products include single-stage and basecoat/clearcoat refinish systems for light vehicles, commercial truck cabins, automotive parts, and small-batch industrial acrylic topcoats. Compliance with EU Directive 2004/42/EC Annex IIB for automotive refinishing products is determined by measuring VOC content per ISO 11890-2:2020; in the United States, the formulated product remains subject to 40 CFR Part 59 and ASTM D3960 for VOC quantification.
A solvent-borne polyurethane laminating adhesive with a viscosity target of 400–800 mPa·s at 25 °C requires a water content below 300 ppm before isopropyl acetate is added; otherwise residual moisture consumes the aromatic polyisocyanate crosslinker and produces carbon dioxide bubbles that manifest as delamination specks in the finished laminate. In two-component polyurethane adhesives for high-barrier flexible packaging, isopropyl acetate is used as a low-hydroxyl diluent in the solvent phase at 20–35 wt% of total solvent weight, blended with ethyl acetate at 40–60 wt% and methyl ethyl ketone at 10–25 wt%; the working solids content is adjusted to 35–45 wt%. The adhesive is produced in a planetary mixer under vacuum tightness sufficient to hold −0.08 MPa during deaeration, and the solvent blend is pre-dried through 3A molecular sieves to ≤200 ppm water before charging to the polyol side. Laminating is carried out on a gravure cylinder coating line with a line speed of 150–220 m/min and a drying tunnel at 60–85 °C; the isopropyl acetate-containing film exits the tunnel with a surface temperature of 35–45 °C before nipping to the second web. Bond strength is measured after 24 h aging at 25 °C and 50% RH per ASTM D1876 for T-peel resistance; values below 3.0 N/15 mm on PET/PE laminates are rejected in converter in-process controls. Terminal laminates include retort pouches, lidding films, stand-up pouch inner layers, and automotive interior trim laminates. Compliance is anchored to ISO 11339:2022 for flexible laminate peel testing, ASTM D903 for adhesive bond strength at ambient temperature, EU Solvent Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU for emission limits, and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII restrictions where applicable. Isopropyl acetate must not be used as the sole solvent in moisture-cure polyurethane adhesives because its ester group can undergo partial hydrolysis under prolonged warm storage at 40 °C, increasing acid number and retarding cure; published data for this specific configuration is limited, and converters evaluate mixed ester solvents through accelerated aging at 45 °C for 7 days before full-scale qualification.
Within no-clean SMT assembly environments, isopropyl acetate is used in offline and in-line stencil cleaning fluids because its solubility for rosin and modified rosin residues exceeds that of isopropanol alone, while its low surface tension permits penetration through 0.08–0.12 mm stencil apertures without premature evaporation. Isopropyl acetate is incorporated into stencil cleaning liquid at 25–50 wt%, with ethanol or isopropanol at 20–40 wt% and a high-boiling aliphatic hydrocarbon at 10–25 wt%; for spray defluxing of misprinted boards and reflowed assemblies, the isopropyl acetate fraction is raised to 30–60 wt% in a blend with n-propyl acetate and ethanol. Fully automated under-stencil cleaning modules on SMT printers spray the cleaner at 10–20 mL per cycle through flat-fan nozzles at 0.25–0.40 MPa, followed by air-knife drying at 60–80 °C. Offline ultrasonic cleaning baths operate at 40 kHz and 35–45 °C for 5–10 min; the bath must be fitted with a lid, local exhaust, and vapor recovery because of the 2 °C closed-cup flash point and boiling point of 88.6 °C. Terminal finished products include cleaned photochemical stencils, reclaimed misprinted PCBs, and reflowed assemblies requiring replacement of contaminated no-clean residues on BGA sites. Ionic cleanliness is evaluated per IPC-TM-650 2.3.25 ROSE testing with an acceptance criterion of ≤1.56 µg NaCl/cm² for assemblers working to J-STD-001H; cleaning-fluid compatibility with solder mask and board finish is confirmed by a 72 h immersion at 40 °C followed by adhesion testing. Isopropyl acetate should not be used in open-top vapor degreasers without inerting because the vapor may exceed the lower explosive limit; only designed electrically classified equipment under IEC 60079-10-1 zone classification is acceptable.
| Application | Isopropyl acetate content | Co-solvent types | Process temperature | Equipment boundary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offline stencil cleaning | 25–50 wt% | Ethanol, isopropanol, aliphatic hydrocarbon | 35–45 °C | Ultrasonic tank, 40 kHz |
| Spray defluxing of printed boards | 30–60 wt% | Ethanol, n-propyl acetate, low-boiling hydrocarbon | 25–35 °C | In-line spray, explosion-proof |
Pharmaceutical extraction and crystallization with isopropyl acetate are governed by the solvent’s water-immiscible ester behavior and its residual-solvent classification under ICH Q3C as a Class 3 solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day, corresponding to a residual concentration of 5000 ppm unless otherwise justified. A typical liquid-liquid extraction step charges isopropyl acetate at 3.0–8.0 L/kg of crude intermediate, with an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio of 2:1 to 5:1 v/v in a glass-lined or Hastelloy C22 agitated extractor; the ester phase is then washed with water or brine, and the product is crystallized by controlled addition of isopropyl acetate as an anti-solvent at 0.5–1.5 volumes per volume of concentrated reaction mass. The process equipment includes a wiped-film evaporator or spiral-wound vacuum distillation unit operating at 70–85 °C jacket temperature and 200–300 mbar absolute pressure to recover isopropyl acetate for reuse; each recovered lot must be analyzed for peroxide formation, residual water, and acetic acid content before re-entry into cGMP processing. Analytical release follows USP <467> residual solvent procedures and Ph. Eur. 5.4 where applicable; the processed product must not exceed the Class 3 limit before final API crystallization. Terminal product types include pharmaceutical intermediates, crystallization solvents for APIs, and extraction solvents in peptide and macrolide manufacturing where ester hydrolysis must be minimized. Isopropyl acetate is not interchangeable with ethyl acetate in processes where the aqueous phase must be removed by decantation at temperatures below 5 °C, because its water solubility of 2.9 g/100 g at 20 °C can create a separate organic layer that traps droplets in high-viscosity reaction mass; in such cases, process developers should conduct phase-separation time studies in graduated mixer-settler apparatus.
| Solvent | Boiling point at 101.3 kPa | ICH Q3C class | Permitted daily exposure | Default residual limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isopropyl acetate | 88.6 °C | 3 | 50 mg/day | 5000 ppm |
| Ethyl acetate | 77.1 °C | 3 | 50 mg/day | 5000 ppm |
| n-Propyl acetate | 101.5 °C | 3 | 50 mg/day | 5000 ppm |
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The branched C5 ester sold as isopropyl acetate, also named propan-2-yl acetate, CAS 108-21-4, EC 203-561-1, is a medium-volatility oxygenated solvent with the linear formula CH3COOCH(CH3)2 and a molecular weight of 102.13 g/mol. The product is not identified by a universal model number; it is supplied as technical-grade, urethane-grade and low-water electronics/cosmetic grades defined by assay, water content, acidity, colour and metal ion specifications. Distillation occurs at approximately 88.6 °C at 101.3 kPa, and the closed-cup flash point is below 5 °C. Principal applications are viscosity reduction in coatings and printing inks, solvent-borne adhesive letdown, and controlled evaporation cleaning.
Because the molecule contains an ester linkage between acetic acid and branched isopropanol, its solvency position is mid-polar. The ester dissolves cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, acrylic homopolymer and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer binders. Supplier technical bulletins report lower solution viscosity at equal solids than n-butyl acetate in nitrocellulose lacquers, an effect attributable to the smaller molar volume and faster evaporation of the branched ester. This viscosity response allows higher solids without increasing applied viscosity, but it does not imply identical evaporation curves in all equipment configurations.
The limits in Table 1 are representative of public supplier technical datasheets; acceptance is controlled by lot-specific certificates of analysis. The two grades are separated primarily by water and acidity, because the ester hydrolyses to isopropanol and acetic acid. In moisture-cured or two-component urethane systems, this hydrolysis potential makes water content a critical process variable.
| Parameter | Method | Technical grade | Urethane grade |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assay | ASTM D3545 | ≥ 99.0 wt% | ≥ 99.5 wt% |
| Water | ASTM D1364 | ≤ 0.10 wt% | ≤ 0.05 wt% |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ASTM D1613 | ≤ 0.01 wt% | ≤ 0.005 wt% |
| Colour, Pt-Co | ASTM D1209 | ≤ 15 | ≤ 10 |
| Distillation range at 760 mm Hg | ASTM D1078 | 84.5–89.5 °C | 85.5–89.0 °C |
| Non-volatile residue | ASTM D1353 | ≤ 0.005 g/100 mL | ≤ 0.002 g/100 mL |
| Density at 20 °C | ASTM D4052 | 0.870–0.873 g/cm³ | 0.870–0.873 g/cm³ |
ASTM D1078 distillation range is specified at 760 mm Hg and uses a 200-mL flask; a dry point shift above the upper limit by more than 0.5 °C is a common lot-rejection criterion. ASTM D1364 Karl Fischer water determination requires sampling under dry nitrogen because open-container handling can add measurable atmospheric moisture within minutes in humid plant air. Acidity values are expressed as acetic acid; a low acidity result by itself does not prevent later hydrolysis, because water and acid are coupled through ester equilibrium.
Water and acidity are coupled through the hydrolysis equilibrium. At 25 °C and neutral pH the hydrolysis reaction is slow; however, in contact with wet activated carbon or an amine-loaded ion exchange resin, hydrolysis is accelerated. Therefore, solvent recovery units that use amine-impregnated adsorbents are not recommended for isopropyl acetate streams; the returned solvent can contain isopropanol and acetic acid above the original specification.
Evaporation of isopropyl acetate is slower than methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, but faster than n-propyl acetate and n-butyl acetate. That intermediate position is determined by boiling point and by reduced van der Waals contact in the branched liquid, not solely by molecular weight. Table 2 compares the common acetate esters under identical reference conditions.
| Solvent | CAS | Molecular weight | Boiling point at 101.3 kPa | Flash point, closed cup | Density at 20 °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methyl acetate | 79-20-9 | 74.08 g/mol | 56.9 °C | -13 °C | 0.932 g/cm³ |
| Ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | 88.11 g/mol | 77.1 °C | -4 °C | 0.902 g/cm³ |
| Isopropyl acetate | 108-21-4 | 102.13 g/mol | 88.6 °C | 2 °C | 0.872 g/cm³ |
| n-Propyl acetate | 109-60-4 | 102.13 g/mol | 101.6 °C | 13 °C | 0.887 g/cm³ |
| n-Butyl acetate | 123-86-4 | 116.16 g/mol | 126.1 °C | 22 °C | 0.882 g/cm³ |
In flexographic and gravure ink formulations, isopropyl acetate is used as a solvent for alcohol-soluble polyamide, nitrocellulose and acrylic binders. Its lower water miscibility than ethyl acetate reduces ink emulsification and print mottle on films run under humid pressroom conditions. The longer evaporation time relative to ethyl acetate can, however, leave residual solvent in high-coverage printed areas; press trials with a gas-chromatographic residual solvent panel are required before substitution. Published data for a universal replacement ratio across presses is limited, because air temperature, film web speed and doctor blade angle each alter the drying boundary layer.
In solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesive letdown, the ester is combined with acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and toluene to control open time and tack life. Because the ester has lower dipole character than the ketone co-solvents, increasing its fraction reduces adhesive stringiness but may also slow crystallization of the resin. Viscosity drift in stored adhesive containing isopropyl acetate can occur if the container is opened repeatedly in humid air; water absorbed into the adhesive accelerates ester hydrolysis and changes solution pH. Closed-loop dispensing and nitrogen blanketing are recommended.
Process-scale adhesive mixing has exhibited a measurable viscosity drift when the solvent is stored in partially emptied drums without nitrogen blanketing. Water absorbed from humid air into the adhesive layer hydrolyses a fraction of the ester, releasing acetic acid; this can shift the pH of the adhesive and alter the cure response with isocyanate-type crosslinkers. Production operations should use drum pumps with vapour-return fittings and limit the number of drum openings.
In cosmetic nail polish removers, the material is used as a lower-odour co-solvent with ethyl acetate and isopropanol. The slower evaporation of isopropyl acetate compared with ethyl acetate reduces visible whitening on the nail plate, but formulators often add a small amount of a fatty ester to prevent excessive degreasing. Published clinical or consumer data for this specific configuration is limited, and no universal addition level should be inferred.
In pharmaceutical extraction and crystallization, isopropyl acetate can replace ethyl acetate when lower water miscibility and faster drying than n-butyl acetate are required. The solvent is classified under ICH Q3C as Class 3 with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg and a concentration limit of 5,000 ppm. Process-scale residual solvent data for individual active pharmaceutical ingredients is limited, and replacement must be driven by impurity profile, crystal habit and final residual solvent confirmation rather than by solubility parameter alone.
In two-component polyurethane topcoats, water is not an inert diluent: one mole of water consumes two isocyanate equivalents. At a solvent addition of 50 kg per 100 kg resin solids, a water content of 0.10 wt% introduces 0.05 kg water, equivalent to 2.78 mol water and requiring 5.56 isocyanate equivalents to react. The increase in hardener demand must be compensated or the effective NCO:OH ratio falls below the designed value, reducing crosslink density. For this reason urethane-grade material with water content ≤ 0.05 wt% is specified in high-performance coatings, and open-container handling in RH above 60% is restricted.
Do not combine isopropyl acetate with strong alkali storage media or with strong oxidizers. Alkaline hydrolysis generates isopropanol and acetic acid; oxidative storage can form peroxides. Avoid contact with amine-based additives in open vessels because amines catalyse ester hydrolysis, altering evaporation profile and generating alcohol by-products.
Replacing ethyl acetate with isopropyl acetate shifts the solvent evaporation profile toward slower drying and reduces moisture uptake into the evaporating film. Ethyl acetate evaporation cools the film surface; if the surface temperature drops below the dew point under high humidity, water condenses and causes blush in clear nitrocellulose lacquer. Isopropyl acetate has lower vapour pressure and a higher boiling point, so the same spray viscosity produces less surface cooling. However, films above 25 µm dry-film thickness can retain the branched ester longer, requiring increased impingement air or reduced conveyor speed. Published comparative data for a specific spray booth condition is limited; retained solvent should be measured by headspace gas chromatography after the oven profile.
Compared with methyl ethyl ketone and acetone, isopropyl acetate is a weaker hydrogen-bond acceptor and has a higher flash point than acetone. It can replace a portion of ketone solvent in cellulose nitrate thinners when odour or regulatory pressure restricts acetone, but it is not a true ketone replacement for high-hydroxyl-number acrylic polyol resins in polyurethane coatings. The dissolution rate of high-hardness acrylic polyols in the ester alone may be insufficient; a ketone or glycol ether co-solvent is typically retained.
In electronic cleaning, low-water urethane-grade isopropyl acetate is used in blends with isopropanol and n-propyl acetate for defluxing. Surface insulation resistance after cleaning should be verified according to IPC-TM-650 2.6.3.3; a low water content is necessary but not sufficient, because flux residues and ionic contamination can persist even after visual drying. The product is not a direct substitute for fluorinated solvents under air emission restrictions, because its flash point places it in flammable liquid storage category.
In coating operations regulated by United States EPA Method 24 or EU solvent emission directives, isopropyl acetate is counted as a volatile organic compound unless a jurisdiction-specific exemption applies. It is not a halogenated solvent and does not deplete stratospheric ozone; however, its flammable flash point imposes storage quantity limits under national fire codes when quantities exceed the maximum allowable container volume for general-purpose storage rooms.
Under EU CLP the liquid is classified Flam. Liq. 2, H225, Eye Irrit. 2, H319 and STOT SE 3, H336. Storage tanks and transfer lines are grounded and bonded; local exhaust ventilation is required because the vapour is heavier than air and can travel to distant ignition sources. In the United States, the substance is listed in 21 CFR 172.515 for use as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant under good manufacturing practice; this listing does not automatically clear the final food-contact coating or adhesive article, and migration limits under 21 CFR 175.105 or 21 CFR 175.300 must be evaluated for the finished package. When water-sensitive operations require the urethane-grade product, drums should be nitrogen blanketed and sampled under dry gas, and transfer hoses should be closed-loop.
